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HIGHLIGHTSSignificant improvements in biomass conversion using nanocatalysts. Feasibility of utilization milder operating conditions by using nanocatalysts compared to the bulk catalysts. The role of nanocatalysts to overcome some challenges in biomass conversion, improving the products quality. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTProducts from nanocatalytic conversion of biomass The world's increasing demand for energy has led to an increase in fossil fuel consumption. However this source of energy is limited and is accompanied with pollution problems. The availability and wide diversity of biomass resources have made them an attractive and promising source of energy. The conversion of biomass to biofuel has resulted in the production of liquid and gaseous fuels that can be used for different means methods such as thermochemical and biological processes. Thermochemical processes as a major conversion route which include gasification and direct liquefaction are applied to convert biomass to more useful biofuel. Catalytic processes are increasingly applied in biofuel development. Nanocatalysts play an important role in improving product quality and achieving optimal operating conditions. Nanocatalysts with a high specific surface area and high catalytic activity may solve the most common problems of heterogeneous catalysts such as mass transfer resistance, time consumption, fast deactivation and inefficiency. In this regard attempts to develop new types of nanocatalysts have been increased. Among the different biofuels produced from biomass, biodiesel has attained a great deal of attention. Nanocatalytic conversion of biomass to biodiesel has been reported using different edible and nonedible feedstock. In most research studies, the application of nanocatalysts improves yield efficiency at relatively milder operating conditions compared to the bulk catalysts. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Bimetallic Au–Pd alloy nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed on nanohybrid three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 (LSMO) perovskite catalysts were fabricated via the l-lysine-mediated colloidal crystal-templating and reduction routes. The obtained AuPd/3DOM LSMO samples possess a nanovoid-like 3DOM construction with well-dispersed Au–Pd alloy NPs (2.05–2.35 nm in size) on the internal walls of the macropores. The Au–Pd alloy presence favored catalytic activity for methane combustion. The 3DOM LSMO support exhibits three key attributes: (i) a large surface area (32.0–33.8 m2/g) which aids high dispersion of the noble metal NPs on the support surface; (ii) abundant Brønsted acid sites which facilitate reactant adsorption and activation; and (iii) thermal stability. AuPd/3DOM LSMO has been synthesized with beneficial properties, including a richness of adsorbed oxygen species, increased oxidized noble metal species, low-temperature reducibility, and strong noble metal–3DOM LSMO interaction, all contributing to provide enhanced activity and a structure with high thermal and hydrothermal stability. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy studies revealed that including Au in the bimetallic system accelerated the reaction rate and altered the reaction pathway for methane oxidation by enriching the adsorbed oxygen species and decreasing the bonding strength between the reaction intermediates and the Pd atoms.

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