Selenium in broccoliBroccoli belongs to the Brassicaceae family, originated in the Mediterranean regions and distributed in Europe and in the United States. Broccoli is rich in micronutrients such as carotene, vitamin C and folic acid-fibers, phytochemicals such as glucosinolates (GLs) and *Corresponding author: Kanchan Kohli, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India, Tel: +911126059688; E-mail: drkanchankohli@gmail.com AbstractPlant-based diets and phytochemicals present in plants can be used to decrease the risk of cancer. This article deals with Brassica species and broccoli in particular which are associated with reduced risk of several important cancers. These plants mainly contain selenium (Se) covalently bound in a number of different chemical forms which is mainly responsible for its biological activity. Further, several enzymes contain selenium in the form of the unusual selenocysteine amino acid which act on free radicals. Broccoli has the ability to accumulate Se many-fold beyond the concentration of Se present in the soil. Reflecting on the above it can be suggested that development of methods to increase the natural accumulation of Se in broccoli may greatly enhance its health-promoting properties. The present article details about green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their methods of characterizations. Green synthesis is a biological procedure which can be achieved can be achieved by using plant extracts. This method is capable of producing SeNPs in a size range of about 50-150 nm, under ambient conditions. It was found that SeNPs are able to inhibit the cell growth by dose-dependent manner. In addition, combination of SeNPs and doxorubicin shows better anticancer effect than individual treatments. The present review also brings to light about the causes and implications of toxic effects posed by Se nanoparticles as well as applications of Se nanoparticles in medicine.Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles from Broccoli, Characterization, Application and Toxicity Citation: Kapur M, Soni K, Kohli K (2017) Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles from Broccoli, Characterization, Application and Toxicity. Adv Tech Biol Med 5: 198. doi: 10.4172/2379-1764.1000198 Page 2 of 7 ManaviVolume Se Nanoparticles Characterization [42]An initial characterization of the test substance is imperative before any toxicity screening is commenced. A more extensive and complete characterization, including size distribution, shape, surface area, surface chemistry, crystallinity, porosity, agglomeration state, surface charge, solubility, etc., is recommended for nanomaterials in order to determine the correct correlation between their physicochemical properties and the biological effects they elicit [43][44][45][46].

Background Inflammatory autoimmune diseases are chronic diseases that often affect women of childbearing age. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the safety profile of medications used for management of inflammatory autoimmune diseases during pregnancy is important. However, in many cases the potential harmful effects of medications (especially biologics) during pregnancy (and lactation) on mother and child have not been fully identified. Objective Our aim was to update the data on the occurrence of miscarriages and (major) congenital malformations when using biologics during pregnancy based on newly published articles. Additionally, we selected several different secondary outcomes that may be of interest for clinicians, especially information on adverse events in the use of a specific biologic during pregnancy. Material and Methods A search was conducted from 1 January 2015 until 4 July 2019 in Embase.com, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar with specific search terms for each database. Selection of publications was based on title/abstract and followed by full text (double blinded, two researchers). An overview was made based on outcomes of interest. References of the included publications were reviewed to include and minimize the missing publications. Results A total of 143 publications were included. The total number of cases ranged from nine for canakinumab to 4276 for infliximab. The rates of miscarriages and major congenital malformations did not show relevant differences from those rates in the general population. Conclusion Despite limitations to our study, no major safety issues were reported and no trend could be identified in the reported malformations.

BackgroundThe effects of biologicals on reproduction are unknown. Therefore pregnancy during biologicals use is discouraged. However biologicals are frequently prescribed in patients of childbearing potential and many patients become pregnant while using these drugs.ObjectivesIn 2015 EULAR published a broad review article on this matter. Our aim was to update the data based on newly published articles.MethodsA search was conducted at 18/10/2017 and then 21/11/2018 in Embase, Medline Ovid, Web Of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL and Google Scholar with specific search terms for each database. Articles were excluded based on title/abstract (double blind, two researchers, NG and HJMJC) and then full text (one researcher, NG). A chart was made based on outcomes of interest(see Table1). The references of included articles were reviewed to include and minimize the missing articles.ResultsTotally 137 articles were included (79 articles at first round, 51 articles at second round and 7 found after screening the references of the included articles). A descriptive analysis was performed to sum up the data on each separate biological and all the biologicals together. The results are shown in Table1. It should be notified that due to heterogeneity of the data the calculated percentages are up to individual interpretations and cannot be compared to each other.Table 1Results of the final chart. The denominator is the sum up of total cases recruited from the articles, for each outcome the denominator is defined as the population for which the specific outcome was reported. The other cases, which haven’t mentioned the outcome in their results, were excluded from the denominator for that specific outcome. Both spontaneous and elective abortion cases are excluded from the denominator of preterm birth and major congenital malformations.DrugMaternal exposed pregnanciesAbortionLive birthPreterm birthMajor congenital malformationsSerious infections in childrenADRs to vaccineElectiveSpontaneousAbatacept15313.1%(20/153)26.1%(40/153)60.8%(93/153)-6.8%(6/88)-0.0%(0/93)Adalimumab25180.1%(3/339)0.4%(16/432)95.5%(424/444)3.2%(7/213)3.7%(23/608)7.9%(4/501)0.5%(1/205*)Anakinra342.9%(1/34)2.9%(1/34)94.2%(32/34)20.0%(2/10)3.4%(1/29†)0.0%(0/30)-Certolizumab pegol7674.7%(27/574)8.2%(47/574)86.9%(527/606)10.7%(41/380)1.9%(10/510)4.0%(2/50)0.0%(0/26)Etanercept8017.6%(30/393)17.4%(69/397)87.4%(702/803)11.5%(40/347)6.2%(37/597)0.0%(0/140)0.4%(1/269)Infliximab21745.1%(90/1759)9.6%(169/1759)79.3%(1483/1869)5.9%(111/1892)10.9%(22/2014)13.7%(21/153)18.2%(6/33)Rituximab270.0%(0/11)12.5%(2/16)87.5%(14/16)18.2%(2/11)0.0%(0/8)0.0%(0/18)-Tocilizumab36814.6%(37/254)20.9%(53/254)64.2%(163/254)18.1%(32/177)4.9%(8/164)0.0%(0/3)-Tofacitinib£ 4719.5%(8/41)17.1%(7/41)63.4%(26/41)7.7%(2/26)3.8%(1/26)0.0%(0/26)-Ustekinumab460.0%(0/28)7.1%(2/28)92.6%(25/27)3.8%(1/26)0.0%(0/21)0.0%(0/10)0.0%(0/3)Vedolizumab5911.1%(6/54)18.5%(10/54)70.4%(38/54)2.9%(1/34)10.0%(2/20)0.0%(0/28)-ADR= Adverse Drug Reaction * mild fever after rotavirus vaccination. † unilateral agenesis and ectopic neu...