Abstract-A narrowband corner slot patch antenna has been designed for industrial, scientific, and medical radio band (ISM band) for short distance radio communication. These antennas are analyzed and are optimized using Ansoft High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The objective is to shrink the size of the radiating patch element without compromising antenna performance. The proposed design is investigated under various parametric analyses and are compared. The overall size of the antenna is reduced by 32.8% when compared with traditional patch antenna available in the market. This can be achieved by introducing four slots inclined at 45 0 in the radiating patch. The antenna provides a bandwidth of 25% in ISM band (|S11|≤10dB) between 2.37 GHz to 2.43 GHz. In addition, maximum Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) value near to 1.0 and gain of 7.5 dB is achieved. Finally, good agreement has been obtained for using this proposed design for short distance radio communications.
This article describes the effect of lockdown measures in major cities on air quality along with rainfall accumulation. The impacts COVID-19 on the environment during lockdown conditions have been compared without lockdown conditions with respect to variable time duration and meteorological conditions. Particulate matter concentration of Chennai, Bangalore, Delhi, and Melbourne were assessed during the lockdown period. The mitigation measures taken by governments resulted in improved air quality particularly PM2.5 due to decreased road traffic. In addition, the rainfall and ground water accumulation were investigated during the lockdown period. The finding of this paper signifies the impacts of measures taken by government and provides detail view on death rate with respect to air quality reduction. The rainfall data were accessed in the four parts of India such as the South peninsula, North-West, East and North-East, and Central India. Besides, the anomaly between the observation periods was represented along with the temperature distribution. Compelling all it is evident that the COVID-19 reduced the concentration of the pollutants emitted from various sources. This eventually leads to excess rainfall in most regions around India compared to 2019. On the other end, COVID-19 does not create any significant impact of ozone layer improvement.
A single feed circularly polarized patch antenna is presented. The antenna consists of a rhombus-shaped slot incorporated in the radiating patch at its center. The antenna is designed to operate at 2.3 GHz band. The antenna achieves left-hand polarization or right-hand polarization based on the orientation of the slot in the radiating patch. The antenna parameters are synthesized using a high-frequency structure simulator and its characteristics are validated by the Agilent network analyzer (N9925A) and antenna test systems. The measured results obtained agree with simulated results and show that the antenna achieves −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 85 MHz (2.27 GHz–2.355 GHz) for left-hand polarization and 85 MHz (2.26 GHz–2.345 GHz) for right-hand polarization. The antenna gives a 3 dB axial ratio beamwidth of 95°(−35° ≤ AR ≤ 60°) for both left-hand polarization and right-hand polarization along with better 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 140° in the operating band. The antenna also achieves a good cross-polarization isolation of −17 dBic for both left-hand and right-hand polarization at its operating frequency. Hence, the antenna is best suited for modern wireless communication systems.
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