In this paper the optimal portfolio formation using real life data subject to two different constraint sets is attempted. It is a theoretical framework for the analysis of risk return choices. Decisions are based on the concept of efficient portfolios. Markowitz portfolio analysis gives as output an efficient frontier on which each portfolio is the highest return earning portfolio for a specified level of risk. The investors can reduce their risks and can maximize their return from the investment, The Markowitz portfolio selections were obtained by solving the portfolio optimization problems to get maximum total returns, constrained by minimum allowable risk level. Investors can get lot of information knowledge about how to invest when to invest and why to invest in the particular portfolio. It basically calculates the standard deviation and returns for each of the feasible portfolios and identifies the efficient frontier, the boundary of the feasible portfolios of increasing returns.
India, has traditionally been involved in various corporate socially responsible (CSR) activities. This paper presents an empirical analysis of CSR activities of some selected public and private organization in India. The key objective of this analysis is to review the companies' CSR investment in sustainability, disclosure, governance, and CSR stakeholders. The Hypotheses development explains the positive significant relationship between CSR and firm performance. Then the methodology section explains sample selection and data source. Using these data, the CSR practices in selected public and private companies are evaluated based on the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines, and a comparative study of the impact of CSR practices on companies' profitability is conducted. The study also focuses on how CSR influences these companies' gross margins, as well as the correlation between environmental concerns and return on investment. The result of this study are appropriate for India's present scenario demonstrating that all companies are conducting CSR operations, but there is a substantial difference in the CSR disclosure practices of the selected firms. The private companies in India invests more in CSR but spend less on the environmental aspects whereas the public companies invest less in CSR but almost spend their entire CSR expenditure on the social and environmental aspects.
Andrew R. Polk, Faith in Freedom: Propaganda, Presidential Politics and the Making of an American Religion(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2021), pp. 230, ISBN: 9781501759222 (hbk). $63.69 AUD
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