Social media has become the favored digital communication channel and offers many advantages, such as spreading information faster than conventional media. However, social media's disadvantages have been the increase in fake news driven mainly by the growing digitalization of information and the increase of deepfakes. Nowadays, fake news has a new scope beyond traditional, cold war-style disinformation because of its unprecedented capacity to mobilize an assortment of news and media simultaneously. The impact of social media and fake news so dramatically impacted social movements in both Tunisia and Egypt that it is often characterized as the first social media-influenced social movement. These movements became known as the Arab Spring, which was mainly in response to oppressive regimes and low standard of living. This chapter focuses on the lead-up and impact of social media, and online-activists that influenced the Arab Spring. The authors use a narrative and exploratory research approach to conceptually understand digital communication's role and impact throughout the Arab Spring.
Innovation has an essential impact on SME creation, and governments are concerned with stimulating adoption of innovation by SMEs to strengthen growth and development and adapt to the ever-changing business environment. Innovation by SMEs requires operating within a generally embracing economic and financial environment. The availability of various formal and informal financing options and a growing economy encouraging consumer spending, innovation-driven investment spending and export, and a policy favoring enhancing private equity, economic diversification, and market competition are incipient factors contributing to a culture of private initiatives by entrepreneurs and SMEs.
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