To address the problem of low precision in feature segmentation of biological images with large noise, a microfeature segmentation algorithm for biological images using improved density peak clustering was proposed. First, the center pixel and edge information of a biological image were obtained to remove some redundant information. The three-dimensional space of the image is constructed, and the coordinate system is used to describe every superpixel of the biological image. Second, the image symmetry and reversibility are used to obtain the stopping position of pixels, other adjacent points are used to obtain the current color and shape information, and more vectors are used to express the density to complete the image pretreatment. Finally, the improved density peak clustering method is used to cluster the image, and the pixels completed by clustering and the remaining pixels are evenly distributed into the space to segment the image so as to complete the microfeature segmentation of the biological image based on the improved density peak clustering method. The results show that the proposed algorithm improves the segmentation efficiency, segmentation integrity rate, and segmentation accuracy. The time consumed by the proposed biological image microfeature segmentation algorithm is always less than 2 minutes, and the segmentation integrity rate can reach more than 90%. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can reduce the missing condition and the noise of the segmented image and improve the image feature segmentation effect.