Water is life for all the living organisms which is present on earth. Water is needed to ensure food security, feed livestock, and take up industrial production and to conserve the environment. Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water crisis. This may be due to both nature and humans. Main factors that contribute to this issue include poor management of resources, lack of government attention, awareness and anthropogenic waste. The increased value of solid wastes and other hazardous waste in water systems such as rivers, ponds, lakes and canals also heavily pollute the water quality. Government has to take stringent steps for the protection of natural resources because human being is dependent on environment for every basic needs and life is beyond imagination without natural resource like water.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Crop Simulation Models (CSM) simulate the growth, development, and yield of crops using various inputs such as soil water, carbon and nitrogen processes, and management practices. DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) is a software program that comprises dynamic crop growth simulation models for over 42 crops. It incorporates modules for crop, soil, and weather to simulate long-term outcomes of crop management strategies. DSSAT-CSM requires various data for model operation. This includes data on the site where the model is to be operated, on the daily weather during the growth cycle, on the characteristics of the soil at the beginning of the growing cycle or crop sequence, and on the management of the crop. Acquisition of the data and providing the data to the DSSAT model is tedious and time-consuming as each individual value has to be manually entered. Additionally, crop simulation models can only be run for specific points and not for entire locations. Sometimes site-specific data especially weather data cannot be obtained. The output thus produced is difficult to analyze spatially at a large scale. The main purpose of this paper is to take the required dataset directly from spatial data. This is done by dividing locations into grids and taking the data from each grid. Python scripts are then used to convert this data into crop model format which is then run through DSSAT on an individual basis. The output thus obtained is be entered back into their respective grids as spatial data.</p>

‘The God of Small Things’ is a literary masterpiece by Arundhati Roy that highlights the unconventional style of writing with a gamut of literary techniques employed using the non-sequential narrative and a meticulous use of dialect that serves to highlight the differences present between the various social groups of Kerala primarily in the 1960s. There are notable features in the novel that includes the use of non-standard English, which highlights dialect, and variations in syntax and word choice which represents the cultural and linguistic diversity of India in the characters and setting of the novel. There are numerous and detailed picturesque descriptions of the environment presented through a variety of language techniques in the novel which is truly the soul of the novel and also brings out distinctly the intertwined social and cultural setting of the life in India while exploring the themes of caste, love and power.

DSSAT-CANEGRO model have been used to determine crop potential yield over eight districts (viz; Muzaffarnagar, Shahjahanpur, Agra, Lucknow, Basti, Faizabad, Allahabad and Jhansi) representing different agroclimatic conditions & environmentof Uttar Pradesh state in India. The thirty six years (1980-2016) daily weather data of above districts were used to simulate seasonal yield potentials under the various management conditions and compared with the respective district reported yield. The simulated mean potential yield by the CANEGRO model over different district of the state varied between 77.8 t ha-1 in Muzaffarnagar and 97.8 t ha-1 in Agra, while mean reported yield (fresh stalk mass) varied between 40.1 t ha-1 in Jhansi and 62.8 t ha-1 in Muzaffarnagar within the state. Similarly, the attainable yield by the model was simulated lowest of 65.1 t ha-1 in Shahjahanpur and the highest of 73.6 t ha-1 in Faizabad district. The management yield gap was between 9.0 to 30.0 t ha-1 while sowing yield gap was between 7.0 to 26.0 t ha-1 in different districts under study. Further it is not only interesting & surprising but also encouraging to growers that the trends in total yield gap at all the above districts in various agro-climatic zones were found decreasing (narrowed down) at the rate of 138.8 – 801.2 kg ha–1 year–1. Delayed planting by about 30 days in some of the districts resulted into a decrease in sugarcane yield to the tune of 106.7 to 146.7, 103.3 to 143.3 and 80.0 to 133.0 kg ha–1 day–1, respectively. Findings reveal that DSSAT crop simulation model can be an effective tool to aid in decision support system. Yield gap estimates using the past crop data and subsequent adjustment in planting window may help to achieve close to the potential yields.

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