Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a public health epidemic, leading to around 3 million hospitalization and about 66,000 deaths each year. It is a life-threatening condition exclusive to children with no effective treatment. Methods. In this study, we used system-level and vaccinomics approaches to design a polyvalent vaccine for RSV, which could stimulate the immune components of the host to manage this infection. Our framework involves data accession, antigenicity and subcellular localization analysis, T cell epitope prediction, proteasomal and conservancy evaluation, host-pathogen-protein interactions, pathway studies, and in silico binding affinity analysis. Results. We found glycoprotein (G), fusion protein (F), and small hydrophobic protein (SH) of RSV as potential vaccine candidates. Of these proteins (G, F, and SH), we found 9 epitopes for multiple alleles of MHC classes I and II bear significant binding affinity. These potential epitopes were linked to form a polyvalent construct using AAY, GPGPG linkers, and cholera toxin B adjuvant at N-terminal with a 23.9 kDa molecular weight of 224 amino acid residues. The final construct was a stable, immunogenic, and nonallergenic protein containing cleavage sites, TAP transport efficiency, posttranslation shifts, and CTL epitopes. The molecular docking indicated the optimum binding affinity of RSV polyvalent construct with MHC molecules (-12.49 and -10.48 kcal/mol for MHC classes I and II, respectively). This interaction showed that a polyvalent construct could manage and control this disease. Conclusion. Our vaccinomics and system-level investigation could be appropriate to trigger the host immune system to prevent RSV infection.

No abstract

The current research focuses on the state legislation during the period of Mughal Emperor Akbar, his attempt to reconcile religion and state legislation and his practical efforts to bring inter-faith co-existence in India of that time. The presupposition of Akbar was based on account of Hindu majority and presence of minorities of various other faiths along with the ruling and martial race of the Muslims. Seeking holistic political and legal legitimacy, Akbar presented Dīn-i-Ilāhī, a divine theory of his own, to introduce a new religious cultural after bringing various religious figures together. The regal attempts for religiosity of the social fabric and holiness of the emperor brought social growth and legal innovations in state legislation and vice versa with the purpose to bring political and legal stability. The present study highlights the long period during which its various acts were promulgated, its impacts on the consolidation of power and social fabric in India during the period of Akbar specifically in terms of inter-faith co-existence and its impacts on the future Mughal administration. The future Mughal administration included Jahāngīr and Shāh Jahān after which it lost its worth as well as application. The study finally concludes that Akbar‟s attempts in the shape of Dīn-i-Ilāhī bore fruits in the shape of the progress and development during the era of two later Mughal emperors.

For the betterment of mankind, scientists are trying to overcome all factors that hinder our economy and health. For this purpose they form genetically modified animals or organisms that have required characteristics, improved productivity, better health of animals and production of human required products. In genetic engineering, transgenesis is a process by which we improve genome of an organism. In whole world, people have different views about genetically modified animals. To know these views in our society, a research was conducted. For this purpose, 100 people of Multan, Pakistan were selected. Results showed that our society agrees with this fact that GM farm animals serve our economy but at the same time they don’t want to ignore their harmful effects.