Summary Clinical and pathological changes following neurectomy were studied experimentally in 46 male and female equids. Sixty‐three operations were performed using either the traditional or the Fackelman and Clodius methods of neurectomy. The effect of arteriovenous ligation was studied in 12 animals and 20 angiograms were performed post mortem to study the arterial pattern of the extremities of the operated limb. Neuroma formation (31 cases) and sloughing of the hoof (five cases) were the two main untoward sequelae. Neurectomy by the technique of Fackelman and Clodius proved superior to the traditional method. No essential changes were observed after ligation of the blood vessels, except in one case where collateral circulation was established.
IntroductionWe previously showed that erythropoietin (EPO) attenuates the morphological signs of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in swine [1] without, however, improving neurological function. The clinical use of EPO has been cautioned most recently due to serious safety concerns arising from an increased mortality in acute stroke patients treated with EPO and simultaneously receiving systemic thrombolysis [2]. Carbamylated EPO (cEPO) is an EPO derivative without erythropoietic activity and devoid of the EPO side eff ects, but with apparently well maintained cytoprotective qualities [3]. We therefore tested the hypothesis whether cEPO may be equally effi cient as EPO in reducing morphological as well as functional aortic occlusion-induced spinal cord I/R injury. Methods In a randomized and blinded trial pigs received either vehicle (control, n = 9), EPO or cEPO, respectively (n = 9 each; 5,000 IU/kg over 30 minutes before and during the fi rst 4 hours of reperfusion). Animals underwent 30 minutes of thoracic aortic balloon occlusion with catheters placed immediately downstream of the A. subclavia and upstream of the aortic trifurcation. Spinal cord function was assessed by motor evoked potentials (MEP as percentage of the amplitude before aortic occlusion) and lower limb refl exes (assessed as the subjective strength of response) for a period of 10 hours after reperfusion. Tissue damage was evaluated using Nissl staining. Results Both EPO-treated and cEPO-treated animals presented with attenuated spinal cord injury in the Nissl staining (median (quartile) percentage of damaged neurons in the thoracic segments: control 27 (25,44), cEPO 8 (4,10), and EPO 5 (5,7), P <0.001 vs control group; in the lumbar segments: control 26 (19,32), cEPO 7 (5,13), EPO 8 (5,10), P <0.001 vs control group). However, while only cEPO treatment was associated with recovery of the MEP amplitude to pre-occlusion values when compared with the control group (P <0.05), lower limb refl ex response was comparably restored stronger in both treatment groups (P <0.05 vs control). Conclusions In a clinically relevant porcine model mimicking aortic crossclamping during vascular surgery repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm, cEPO protected spinal cord function and integrity as eff ective as EPO when applied at equipotent doses. Acknowledgements Supported by the Deutsche Forschungs gemeinschaft (SCHE 899/2-2). References Introduction Unfolded protein response (UPR)-mediated apoptosis plays a pivotal role in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA) has been reported to act as a chemical chaperone inhibiting UPR-mediated apoptosis triggered by ischemia in various organs other than the heart. Therefore we investigated whether PBA reduces UPR-mediated apoptosis and protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 30 minutes LAD ischemia followed by reperfusion. PBA (100 mg/kg) or PBS (control) was administrated intraperitoneally just before ischemia. Apoptosis, infarct ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the permeability and clinical significance of the blood-ocular barrier. A new technique using systemic, subtenon, and retrobulbar injections was applied to the study of intraocular penetration of labelled steroid compound. The study was carried out in normal rabbits and in animals with artificially induced intraventional inflammation. It is concluded that there is no blood-vitreous barrier, a vague concept in any case, in the anterior region of the vitreous where free diffusion was observed between the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. High concentration of the labelled steroids was found in the cornea with the peak of activity usually at 30 minutes. However, traces of activity were detectable for up to 4 hours. This indicates the need for a depot long term respiratory form of corticosteroid that would deliver a high concentration of the medication. Local subtenon's and retrobulbar injections resulted in a relatively higher ocular I-125 Cortisol concentration than obtained by systemic route. It is concluded therefore that a high concentration of steroids applied locally will give better and less deletrious effects than systemic administration. Subtenon injection resulted in higher activity in various ocular tissues especially aqueous and vitreous. However, the I-125 Cortisol was rapidly cleared regardless of the route of administration.
SummaryThe angiographic features of the metacarpus, phalanges and foot of 20 donkeys was studied. The normal foot was characterized by complete filling of the terminal arch which gave off 12–14 main branches between 0.05 and 0.1 cm in diameter, forming an asymmetrical net‐like pattern in the foot corium and numerous fine vessels in the corium of the coronary band and digital cushion. The feet affected with subacute laminitis showed arterial beading with irregular foot vascularity. The terminal arch consisted of 18 constricted branches. Collateral circulation, which was sufficient to maintain the viability of the foot, was observed in one case of bilateral obstruction of the digital arteries.ZusammenfassungAngiographische Darstellung von Metacarpus, Phalangen und Huf beim EselDas angiographische Bild von Metacarpus, Phalangen und Huf von 20 Eseln wurde ausgewertet. Der gesunde Fuß ist charakterisiert durch eine vollständige Füllung des Arcus terminalis, aus dem 12 bis 14 Seitenäste mit einem Durchmesser zwischen 0,5 und 1 mm abzweigen. Diese bilden in der Lederhaut des Hufes ein asymmetrisches netzähnliches Muster sowie zahlreiche feine Gefäße in der Kronlederhaut und im Ballenpolster. In Hufen mit subakuter Rehe wiesen die Arterien perlartige Erweiterungen auf und die Vaskularisierung war unregelmäßig. Der Arcus terminalis bestand aus 18 verengten Gefäßästen. Kollaterale Gefäße, die zur Erhaltung der Lebensfähigkeit des Hufes ausreichten, wurden in einem Fall mit bilateraler Obstruktion der Digitalarterien festgestellt.RésuméReprésentation angiographique du métacarpe, des phalanges et du sabot chez l'âneLa représentation angiographique du métacarpe, des phalanges et du sabot de 20 ânes a été interprêtée. Le pied sain est caractérisé par un remplissage complet d'Arcus terminalis, à partir duquel se divisent 12 à 14 branches latérales d'un diamètre de 0,5 à 1 mm. Ces branches forment une sorte de filet asymétrique dans le chorion et de nombreux vaisseaux fins dans le bourrelet principal et dans les coussinets. Dans les sabots présentant une fourbure subaiguë, les artères présentaient des élargissements en forme de perles et la vascularisation était irrégulières. L'Arcus terminalis était forme de 18 branches vasculaires rétrécies. Les vaisseaux collatéraux qui permettent le maintien en vie du sabot ont été fixés dans un cas avec une obstruction bilatérale des artères digitales.ResumenLa representación angiográfica del metacarpo, falanges y casco en el asnoSe evalúan las imágenes angiográficas del metacarpo, falanges y cascos de 20 asnos. El pie normal se halla caracterizado por la henchidura completa del arco terminal, del cual emanan desde 12 hasta 14 ramas laterales con un diámetro comprendido entre 0,5 y 1 mm. Estas forman en el corión del casco un modelo asimétrico plexiforme así como numerosos vasos finos en el rodete perióplico y en la almohadilla plantar. En los cascos con pododermatitis subaguda, las arterias presentaron dilataciones en forma de perlas y la vascularización era irregular. El arco terminal estaba formado por 18 ramas vasculares estrechadas. Circulación colateral, la cual era suficiente para mantener la viabilidad del pie, se observó en un caso con obstrucción bilateral de las arterias digitales.
The oil and gas industry prides itself on having some of the best safety records compared to many industry sectors. Health, safety and environment (HSE) became a familiar term and number one consideration in oil and gas industry. Nevertheless, traditional HSE manuals, bulletins & instructions are not enough to guarantee that the system is effective and serving the organization. Well structured safety policies, training and employee handbooks are the norm but for a safety policy to have any relevant meaning HSE values cannot remain as words on paper, they must be taken up and used by employees and translated into performance. It became mandatory to the industry to find a way to make sure that HSE instructions reach every employee and accurately implemented. This could only be achieved if proper auditing is employed. Proper auditing for a professional HSE system can definitely close the loop and fill the gap between what is written in manuals and what is eventually implemented. In the mean time, while establishing your HSE system make your reference one of the recognized international standards known to most of companies. This will make the language of your system familiar to others and help auditors when reviewing the system. Before you start, a team of experts must be formed to sponsor this task. Team members must be solicited from different company disciplines to cover all potentially hazardous areas. The team will thoroughly consider the following areas when designing the project; equipment reliability, maintenance standards, operations procedures, emergency preparedness, proper documentation and people. Introduction: Effective HSE Auditing System insures the different resources inside the company are employed efficiently. Safety manual and instructions are not enough to protect company's assets and interests. Author will use their experiences in several upstream and down stream oil and gas companies to develop a sound safety culture to develop a reliable system and design the relevant audit plans to observe proper implementation. More emphasis will be given on how to put together a professional HSE system and how to design a fit to purpose auditing system. Different examples and case studies will be highlighted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Auditing system. The paper will also describe the international OH & safety system 18001 integrated with the Environmental Control System ISO 14001 in a one global system, taking care of the workplace safety at its widest range followed by some details on how to audit the system ensuring effective and smooth implementation. Scope: The success of any new management system has several aspects but the main is the top management commitment. It has been found that regular follow up by Line Management is a key ingredient in improving risk records. Methods of promoting education, measuring compliance with standards and evaluating progress are used by supervisors with encouraging results. In the meantime, several audits are still identifying many inconsistencies in the overall approach to HSE management at the work site. The company main operating risks differ from division to another. Training needs vary, emergency response procedures may be conflicting, and even HSE statistics are not always comparable.
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