Fifty-eight new isolates were obtained from root nodules of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivated in soils originating from different agroecological areas in Senegal and Gambia (West Africa). A polyphasic approach including both phenotypic and genotypic techniques was used to study the diversity of the 58 Rhizobium isolates and to determine their taxonomic relationships with reference strains. All the techniques performed, analysis of multilocus enzyme electrophoretic patterns, SDS-PAGE profiles of total cell proteins, PCR-RFLP analysis of the genes encoding 16S rRNA and of the 16S-23S RNA intergenic spacer region (ITS-PCR-RFLP), auxanographic tests using API galleries and nodulation tests lead to the consensus conclusion that the new rhizobial isolates formed two main distinct groups, I and II, belonging to Rhizobium tropici type B and Rhizobium etli, respectively. By MLEE R. etli and group II strains showed several related electrophoretic types, evidencing some extent of internal heterogeneity among them. This heterogeneity was confirmed by other techniques (ITS-PCR-RFLP, SDS-PAGE and host-plant-specificity) with the same nine distinct strains of group II showing some differences from the core of group II (54 strains).
A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using the 15N isotope dilution method and two reference plants, Parkia biglobosa and Tamarindus indica to estimate nitrogen fixed in four Acacia species : A raddiana, A. senegal, A. seyal and Faidherbia albida (synonym Acacia albida). For the reference plants, the 15N enrichments in leaves, stems and roots were similar. With the fixing plants, leaves and stems had similar ~SN enrichments; they were higher than the lSN enrichment of roots. The amounts of nitrogen fixed at 5 months after planting were similar using either reference plant. Estimates of the percentage of N derived from fixation (%Ndfa) for the above ground parts, in contrast to %Ndfa in roots, were similar to those for the whole plant. However, none of the individual plant parts estimated accurately total N fixed in the whole plant, and excluding the roots resulted in at least 30% underestimation of the amounts of N fixed. Between species, differences in N2 fixation were observed, both for %Ndfa and total N fixed. For %Ndfa, the best were A. seyal (average, 63%) and A. raddiana (average, 62%), being at least twice the %Ndfa in A. senegal and E albida. Because of its very high N content, A. seyal was clearly the best in total N fixed, fixing 1.62 g N plant -l compared to an average of 0.48 g N plant -l for the other Acacia species. Our results show the wide variability existing between Acacia species in terms of both %Ndfa and total N fixed : A. seyal was classified as having a high N2 fixing potential (NFP) while the other Acacia species had a low NFP.
The black-chinned tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron is a marine teleost characterised by an extreme euryhalinity. However, beyond a certain threshold at very high salinity, the species exhibits impaired growth and precocious reproduction. In this study, the relationships between reproductive parameters, environmental salinity and condition factor were investigated in wild populations of this species that were sampled in two consecutive years (2003 and 2004) from three locations in Senegal with different salinities: Guiers lake (freshwater, 0 psu), Hann bay (seawater, 37 psu) and Saloum estuary (hypersaline water, 66–127 psu). The highest absolute fecundity and spawning weight were recorded in seawater by comparison to either freshwater or hypersaline water whereas the poorest condition factors were observed in the most saline sampling site. These results reflect higher resource allocation to the reproduction due to the lowest costs of adaptation to salinity in seawater (the natural environment of this species) rather than differences in food resources at sites and/or efficiency at foraging and prey availability. Fecundities, oocyte size as well as spawning weight were consistent from year to year. However, the relative fecundity in the Saloum estuary varied significantly between the dry and rainy raisons with higher values in the wet season, which seems to reflect seasonal variations in environmental salinity. Such a reproductive tactic of producing large amounts of eggs in the rainy season when the salinity in the estuary was lower, would give the fry a better chance at survival and therefore assures a high larval recruitment. An inverse correlation was found between relative fecundity and oocyte size at the two extreme salinity locations, indicating that S. melanotheron has different reproductive strategies in these ecosystems. The adaptive significance of these two reproductive modes is discussed in regard to the heavy osmotic constraint imposed by extreme salinities and high inter-specific competition.
RESUMEObjectifs : Cette étude a pour objectif de connaitre les plantes médicinales utilisées comme remède dans le traitement des dermatoses dans la pharmacopée Baïnounk de Djibonker, région de Ziguinchor (Sénégal). Méthodes et résultats : La technique des entretiens ouverts semi structurés est utilisée pour recueillir les informations. L'étude a permis de recenser trente-six espèces traditionnellement utilisées dans le traitement des dermatoses. Elles sont réparties en vingt-cinq familles et trente-six genres. Les familles les mieux représentées sont les Apocynaceae, les Papilionaceae et les Rubiaceae avec chacune trois espèces. Les plantes utilisées sont surtout des arbres (36%) et des arbustes (30%). Les espèces les plus indiquées sont Khaya senegalensis (94,4%), New bouldia laevis (88,9%), Carapa spp et Solanum cerasiferum (77,8% chacune). Les feuilles sont les organes les plus utilisés avec 46% suivis des racines avec 21%. La macération (40%) et le broyage (27%) sont les modes de préparation les plus courant. Les maladies liées à la peau (78%) sont les plus fréquentes, suivies de celles de la muqueuse (12%).L'administration percutanée (44%) est la plus utilisée puis par bain (21%). Conclusion et applicabilité des résultats : Ces résultats révèlent que les plantes médicinales jouent un rôle très important dans le traitement des dermatoses et leur valorisation nécessite véritablement l'apport des savoirs locaux qui sont détenues par les populations rurales. Mots clés : Ethnobotanique, Dermatoses, Plantes médicinales, Pharmacopée sénégalaise, Bainounk.ABSTRACT Objectives: To know the medicinal plants used in the treatment of skin diseases in the pharmacopoeia of Bainounk of Djibonker, Ziguinchor region (Senegal). Methods and results:The technique of open semi-structured interviews was used to collect information. The study has identified thirty-six species traditionally used in the treatment of skin diseases. They are divided into twenty-five families and thirty-six genera. The best represented families Apocynaceae, Papilionaceae and Rubiaceae with each three species. The plants used are mainly trees (36%) and shrubs (30%). The most appropriate species Khaya senegalensis (94.4%), New bouldia laevis (88.9%), Carapa spp. and Solanum cerasiferum (77.8% each). The leaves are the organs most used with 46% come from the roots with 21%. Les plantes médicinales utilisées contre les dermatoses dans la pharmacopée Baïnounk de Djibonker, Sénégal 5600 Maceration (40%) and grinding (27%) are the most common modes of preparation. Skin-related diseases (78%) are the most frequent with, followed by those of the Mucosa (12%). The administration percutaneous (44%) is the most widely used and then by bath (21%). Conclusion and application : These results show that medicinal plants play a very important role in the treatment of skin diseases and recoverability truly requires the contribution of local knowledge that are owned by the rural populations.
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