Only a few studies have analysed the accuracy of position detection systems. All of them analysed distances and velocities, which are the outcome of calculations based on x,y positions. The objective of this study was to analyse the accuracy of dynamic x,y position measurement of a radar- and an image-based system in football. One and two runners performed five different runs on four different locations on a football pitch. X,y positions recorded by the radar-based and the image-based system were compared to x,y positions measured by a Laveg laser device. Accuracies were analysed by means of root mean square error (RMSE). Results showed that the radar-based system detects positions more accurately than the image-based system (P = 0.000). Mean RMSE of the radar-based system was 0.24 m, RMSE of the image-based system was 0.73 m. The image-based system was significantly influenced by the location of the run, whereas the radar-based system was not. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the radar-based system is more valid in detecting x,y positions than the image-based system. Future studies should take advantage of the new test design which allows more precise statements on the accuracy of a position detection system.
The objectives of the study were to analyse game interruptions of league soccer in detail and the tactical use of game interruptions. Sixteen matches of a German first league soccer team were observed. An observational system was designed to assess interruption types, score, duration of interruption, location of interruption, time of interruption and number of occurrences. Results showed that there is an average of 108 interruptions per match. Throw-ins (40) and free kicks (33) were most frequent. Goal kicks (17), corner kicks (10), substitutions (4), and kick offs (3) occurred less often. Drop balls, penalties, and injuries occurred least often. For 38% of the total match time observed, matches were halted. The mean duration of running and interrupted match parts were 32.1 s and 18.7 s, respectively. The analysis showed significant differences concerning the influence of the location of interruption, score, and time of interruption on the duration of different interruption types (P < 0.05). The results of the study showed the tactical use of game interruptions during league soccer matches, e.g. goal kicks of the leading team take longer towards the end of the match. Examining game interruptions has turned out to be a valuable source of information adding to our knowledge of soccer. We have shown evidence that the durations of many interruptions serve tactical purposes, a well-known hypothesis in practice.
ZusammenfassungUntersuchungen zu Bewegungsanteilen im Sportunterricht unter Verwendung objektiver Verfahren sind in Deutschland selten. Sie sind jedoch sowohl aus gesundheits- und trainingswissenschaftlicher als auch aus sportpädagogischer Perspektive von Interesse, um Schulsportwirklichkeit systematisch analysieren zu können. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Bewegungszeit (Minuten), Belastungsintensität (Herzschläge pro Minute) und Bewegungsumfang (Meter pro Minute) im Sportunterricht am Beispiel des Unterrichtsinhalts Fußball. Im Zentrum steht die Frage, ob sich Unterschiede für die Unterrichtsdauer (Einzelstunde/Doppelstunde), das Setting (indoor/outdoor) und das Geschlecht zeigen. Insgesamt nahmen 356 Schüler*innen (247 männlich, 109 weiblich) von der fünften bis zur zehnten Jahrgangsstufe (MAlter = 12,4 Jahre) eines Gymnasiums in Bayern an der Untersuchung teil. Zum Einsatz kamen standardisierte Beobachtungsprotokolle, Herzfrequenzmesser und ein Trackingsystem (Local Position Measurement System [LPM-System]). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die relative Bewegungszeit, die Belastungsintensität und der Bewegungsumfang in Einzelstunden am höchsten waren. Die relative Bewegungszeit war outdoor etwas höher als indoor. Die durchschnittliche Herzfrequenz unterschied sich nicht nach Setting und Geschlecht. Jungen erzielten einen höheren durchschnittlichen Bewegungsumfang im Vergleich zu Mädchen. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass der Sportunterricht mit dem Inhalt Fußball einen substanziellen Beitrag zum täglichen Gesundheits- und Bewegungsverhalten leisten kann.
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