Nano-sized
cellulose materials has recently become topical in the sphere of sustainable
materials. The two key groups of nanocelluloses (NCs) are (1) nanofibrillated
cellulose (NFC) and (2) cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). They are often
considered as second-generation renewable resources, which also serve
as better replacements for petroleum-based products. More attention
has been given to these materials because of their low density and
high mechanical, renewable, and biodegradable properties. There are
many works in the literature on the isolation of NFC and CNC from
different sources like hard/soft wood and agriculture biomass. However,
this is a comprehensive review dedicated to the properties of NFC
and CNC extracted only from agriculture and industrial waste using
mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic methods. This article explores
in detail the importance of agriculture waste and pretreatments, methods
involved in the production of nanocellulose, and the properties of
NC prepared from crop and industrial wastes. The potential applications
of nanocellulose from different sources are discussed. The current
extensive industrial activities in the production of nanocellulose
are presented. This review will likely draw the attention of researchers
toward crop and industrial wastes as a new source in the realm of
nanocellulose.
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