Bamboo plantations in two locations in eastern Thailand differed in their biomass yield by an order of magnitude as a result of site productivity and plantation management. The biomass yield of Bambusa beecheyana and Dendrocalamus membranaceus was comparable, but the moisture content of culms of B. beecheyana was considerably higher as compared to D. membranaceus. With D. membranaceus, internodes had higher moisture content, as compared to nodes. The moisture content decreased with increasing height along culms with both species, but this gradient was stronger with D. membranaceus. The moisture content of culms of B. beecheyana declined with increasing culm age, indicating that older culms are more suitable for energetic utilization. While general feedstock characteristics of the two species were comparable, the calorific content of D. membranaceus was significantly higher than of B. beecheyana. Primarily the upper sections and nodes of older culms of both species are attractive options as bioenergy feedstock, but plantations established on marginal sites without proper plantation management will result in very low yields.

We conducted a feasibility study in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) with the aim of promoting biomass and bioenergy markets, technology transfer, rural development, and income generation. Policy development is guided by the International Union of Forest Research Institutions (IUFRO) Task Force "Sustainable Forest Bioenergy Network". In this paper, we highlight the achievements up to now and present results of a multi-stakeholder questionnaire in combination with a quantitative analysis of the National Bioenergy Development Plans (NBDPs). We found a gap between official documents and working group assessments. NBDPs are focused on the market development, technology transfer, and funding possibilities of a regional bioenergy strategy, while the respondents of a questionnaire (working groups) favored more altruistic goals, i.e., sustainable resource management, environmental protection and climate change mitigation, generation of rural income, and community involvement, etc. We therefore suggest the following measures to ensure regulations that support the original aims of the network (climate change mitigation, poverty alleviation, sustainable resource use, and diversification of energy generation): (i) Consideration of science-based evidence for drafting bioenergy policies, particularly in the field of biomass production and harvesting; (ii) invitation of stakeholders representing rural communities to participate in this process; (iii) development of sustainability criteria; (iv) feedback cycles ensuring more intensive discussion of policy drafts; (v) association of an international board of experts to provide scientifically sound feedback and input; and (vi) establishment of a local demonstration region, containing various steps in the biomass/bioenergy supply chain including transboundary collaboration in the ACMECS region.

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