Complex figure copying is a commonly used neuropsychological test. Here we explored the neural basis of the factors underlying complex figure copying (CFC), using data from the Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS) in a large group of sub-acute, ischemic stroke patients (239). We computed two analyses: in the first we assessed the contribution of co-morbid deficits (i.e. in gesture processing, object use, visual neglect, pictures naming and sustained attention) to the lesions associated with CFC. In a second analysis a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to isolate different underlying task components and to link to clinical neuroimaging scans. A voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis showed that poor CFC performance was associated with lesions to bi-lateral thalamus, lingual, right fusiform and right inferior parietal cortices (rIPC). The latter association with the posterior parietal cortex was diminished after controlling for neglect. Follow up analysis showed the neglect partially mediated the correlation of CFC and rIPC. The PCA revealed three main underlying components: (1) a component associated with high-level motor control common to different measures of apraxia and linked to the left postcentral gyrus, the right thalamus and middle frontal gyrus; (2) a visuo-motor transformation component unique to the CFC and associated with lesions to the posterior occipital and sensory cortices; (3) a component associated with multistep object use tasks which was correlated with lesions to the left inferior frontal orbital gyrus, the right fusiform and cerebellum. Using clinical symptoms, cognitive profiles and lesion mapping we showed that beyond visual perception, CFC performance is supported by three functional networks: one for high-level motor control, a visuo-motor transformation component, and multistep object use network.
Cooperation and competition are vital for human survival and for social progress. In this study we examine the impact of external (environmental) and internal (individual differences) factors on the tendency to cooperate or compete in social conflicts. To this end, 53 young adults played blocks of the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma Game with each other or with a computer. The environmental context was manipulated across blocks, by introducing uncertainty, randomly losing or gaining money. Individual differences were assessed by participants’ attachment style. We found that participants cooperated more when randomly losing money compared to when randomly winning or in the neutral condition. Moreover, in a negative uncertain environment, individuals with higher anxious and avoidant attachment styles cooperated less. The above effects were only observed when playing against a human and not a computer. Overall, the findings highlight the dependency of cooperative behavior on the context as driven by external and internal factors.
Background: Studying the important factors contributing to different Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) subscales is essential for implementing preventive measures to increase the HRQoL among osteoporotic patients. We here evaluated the variables affecting the mental and physical QoL in a sample population of Iranian osteoporotic women.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the participants included 111 women with osteoporosis in 2013. Physical and mental of QoL were measured by the ECOS-16 questionnaire. Other variables included T-score, age, body mass index, educational level, marital status, duration of the disease, history of bone fracture in the past year, the number of pregnancies, and weekly walking hours. Final regression coefficients were obtained based on the total effects of estimations (decompositions of effects into direct, indirect and total effects) by SEM analysis.Results: The mean scores of physical and mental domains of QoL were 54.12±21.22 and 54.42 ±25.11 respectively. Finally, the mean of T-score was -3.21± 0.92. Based on the regression coefficients calculated in the SEM model, the number of pregnancies(-1.18), and weekly walking hours(2.19) were the main determinants of physical aspect of QoL. Furthermore, age and weekly walking hours significantly influenced the mental aspect of QoL. Conclusions: The present study indicated that weekly walking hours, the number of pregnancies, and disease duration affected physical QoL while weekly walking hours and age were predictors of mental QoL. These results can provide a guide for healthcare decision-makers to improve the life style and HRQoL of patients with osteoporosis.
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