Summary. When the incubation period of primary isolation plates was extended to 48 h, mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found in specimens from various infected sites in patients who did not have cystic fibrosis. The 17 mucoid isolates were characterised in terms of mucoid type, pyocin type, and their sensitivity or resistance to seven p-lactam and two aminoglycoside antibiotics. The carbohydrate, uronic acid (alginate) and protein content of the water-soluble extracellular material of 15 strains was determined. This material was fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography, and the presence of alginate confirmed by the chemical assay of uronic acids and their quantitation by gas-liquid chromatography. Uronic acids were absent from a nonmucoid revertant of one strain. The strains produced alginate with a high content of mannuronic acid and substituted with O-acetyl groups. By proton nuclear magnetic resonance ('H-nmr) analysis the alginate from three strains was shown to lack polyguluronate blocks in its structure. These properties are also found in the alginate of mucoid P. aeruginosa strains from patients with cystic fibrosis.
Catheters are widely used as primary or secondary tools in a wide range of biomedical applications for addressing several medical needs and purposes. Similar to other biomedical implants, catheters are subject to microbial infection and biofilm formation that can reduce their success and performance. Microbial contamination has been reported across the catheter's lifecycle, including placement, maintenance, removal and reinsertion. Given that the catheter surface can be a reservoir for microbes leading to biofilm formation and infection, several preventative and therapeutic surface modifications with specific and non-specific targets are being developed to addressing this challenging obstacle. Current surface modification strategies for antimicrobial functionality include antibiotic agent release, contact killing and repelling or anti-adhesive functions. Wide ranges of antimicrobial materials—organic, e.g. quaternary ammonium functionalized polymers; inorganic, e.g. silver; antiseptic, e.g. chlorohexidine; and antibiotics, e.g. rifampin—have been reported, targeting a broad spectrum of microorganisms involved in microbial infection of catheters. In this chapter, we discuss the latest approaches and progress in the development of antimicrobial coatings and combination therapies for addressing catheter-associated infections.
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