No abstract

Emotions in visual arts can be subject to an analysis on the level of the act of creation, the work itself, categories of technique and reception, as well as on the degree of division into form and content. Studies show a dichotomy between an intellectual (cognitive) sphere and an emotional (aesthetic) sphere, pointing to the role of recipients’ competence, allowing them to properly read the cultural and artistic code behind emotions presented in visual works. The article is a theoretical review of methods, trends and tools for researching emotions in audiovisual arts. It presents ways of studying emotions in visual arts: film/video, photograph/graphics, all available through the media. They should be discussed on three levels: emotional objectives of the sender, emotions inherent in the artistic work, and emotional reception. Works of visual arts combine virtual and actual realities, hence the way a visual work is created is important. Therefore, the article also presents tools for the study of emotions in audiovisual art on three levels: a) in relation to means of expression, b) aesthetic, and c) presenting content. The summary clearly shows the transdisciplinary nature and methodological syncretism of research on emotions in audiovisual art.

Lublinianie pierwsze ruchome obrazy obejrzeli w 1899 roku, a więc już cztery lata po pokazie braci Lumiere. Stałe kino otwarte zostało w 1908 roku i od tego momentu kina zajęły należne im miejsce w panoramie i życiu społecznym Lublina. O ich repertuarze i sposobie funkcjonowania w okresie międzywojennym świadczą dziś między innymi materiały wizualne: afisze i plakaty filmowe. W pierwszej części zarysowane zostały początki rozwoju plakatu filmowego w Polsce. W kolejnych częściach analizie poddane zostały materiały wizualne – plakaty kinowe. Były one mniejsze niż na Zachodzie, ponieważ umieszczano je głównie przed wejściem do kina w specjalnych gablotach. W plakatach, które były drukowane na miejscu do lat 40. XX wieku w warstwie wizualnej zdecydowanie góruje liternictwo, często uzupełniane prostą, ale wciąż wyraźną ornamentyką. Część nieśmiało naśladuje rozwijające się w głównych ośrodkach lwowskim, krakowskim i warszawskim trendy wyznaczane przez takie osobowości jak m.in. Jan Tschichold, Henryk Berlewi, Władysław Strzemiński. Są cenne jako dokumenty, świadczące o historii i życiu społecznym Lublina. W artykule wykorzystano analizę krytyczną źródeł oraz analizę zawartości. Uzyskane wyniki analiz szczegółowych mają charakter faktograficzny i są przyczynkiem do dalszych badań w obszernym temacie kształtowania się kultury filmowej i kinowej w Polsce w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym.

The purpose of this article is to show the genre continuity of portraiture in the next medium and to identify its new features and elements based on three pictures directed by Jan Komasa: Corpus Christi, Warsaw 44, and Suicide Room. The research used content analysis, comparative analysis, and analysis of the structure of the film work. The semantic trend indicating the importance of portrayal in the film was also used. The above analysis showed that film portraiture based on elements of film language still has much in common with classical painting or photographic portraiture. It characterizes the protagonist, his likeness, and description, and at the same time, the action of the film is a dramatic element. The way it is used reinforces the aesthetic and genre style of the film story, and portraits are not only a registration of the character's image but have artistic functions.

This study aims to investigate which emotions were most often evoked through art created during the pandemic and what are the new symbols of emotions and themes used in the creative process. Two research techniques were used in the study: content analysis and Panofsky’s method. The research material consists of 100 illustrations obtained from the internet after entering the keywords ‘art’ and ‘coronavirus’ in Google. In the analysed material the most common emotion was fear of COVID-19, loneliness, inabil­ity to maintain physical closeness, and the rules of social distancing. The most common reactions were: a desire to isolate from the source of infection, trying to hide from the coronavirus, avoid­ing an infection by covering the mouth and nose with a mask, gloved hands, staying at home in isolation from other people who can spread the disease. The second most common emotion was anger, most often caused by a risk of infection with COVID-19, isolation, government decisions restricting the organization of artistic events, and relocation. The most common behaviour that expressed anger was screaming and aggression, such as hitting or kicking a coronavirus molecule or its manifestations. Sadness was triggered by a fear of COVID-19, spread of the virus, health deterioration, loss of salary and loss of contact with family, loneliness in hospital, and social dis­tancing. The manifestations of sadness in the analysed images could be observed through facial expressions, eyes, and crying. Sadness can also manifest itself through apathy and self-isolation. The least frequent emotion in the analysed research material was joy, which was the result of an improvement in the general health situation in the country, recovery, effectiveness of health care, a new topic in art, and satisfaction with family life. The symptoms of joy were, above all, a smile on the face, kisses, jumping and dancing. Street artists appealed to a wide variety of themes: reli­gious, mythological, popular culture, and new technologies. The analysis of the research material showed that new symbols representing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic appeared in the social space and culture: the coronavirus molecule (an emotionally universal symbol) and a white or blue sur­gical mask and latex gloves symbolizing fear. The study brings some knowledge about new symbols of emotions, the specific content of art during the COVID-19 pandemic, and new research tools to be used.