Introduction. Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) act as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Their presence has been found in different taxonomic groups, in particular in mammals. However, only few investigators have studied these neuropeptides in the class Aves (birds). The aim of the present study was to describe the distribution of CART, NPY and GAL in the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) of the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica). Material and methods. The experiment was conducted on 16 one-year-old domestic ducks of the Pekin breed of both sexes (8 males and 8 females). Frozen sections of the PPG were subjected to immunofluorescence staining using primary mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against CART and GAL and rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against NPY. Secondary antibodies were conjugated with Cy3 and FITC fluorochromes. Results. CART, NPY, and GAL were present in the PPG of the domestic duck. The highest immunoreactivity (IR) in the ganglionic cells was found for CART in the majority (83-85%) of neurons of both superior (SPPG) and inferior (IPPG) PPG. CART-IR was also found in small aggregations of neurons on the medial surface of the Harderian gland, and on the course of the palatine branch of the facial nerve. CART-IR was also observed in the nerve fibers of these neurons' aggregations; however, it was low in comparison to the immunoreactivity of the perikarya. Immunoreactivity of NPY was found in ganglionic neurons, but above all in numerous fibers of the SPPG and IPPG and within aggregations on the surface of the Harderian gland. NPY-IR cells were distributed irregularly over the cross-sections of the tested aggregations, and constituted from 36% to 43% of the SPPG and from 37% to 40% of the IPPG of all cross-sectioned neurons. GAL-immunoreactive perikarya, distributed irregularly across the sections, were observed in the SPPG, where they constituted 61-65%, and in the IPPG, where they made up 50-57% of all neurons. All immunoreactive neurons were characterized by immunopositive neuroplasm and immunonegative cell nuclei.
Introduction. Cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of the pancreas in chinchilla (Chinchilla Laniger Molina) was examined in this study. The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine gland with autonomic and sensory innervation presented by the numerous nerve fibers and small agglomerations of nerve cells. Material and methods. Investigations were performed on 16 adult chinchillas of both sexes. The material was collected immediately after death of the animals. Histochemical methods: AChE and SPG were used, in addition to routine technique of single and double immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using whole mount specimens and freezing sections with a thickness of 8 to 12 μm. In the immunofluorescence staining, primary antibodies directed against markers used to identify cholinergic -ChAT and VAChT, and adrenergic -DbH and TH neurons. Secondary antibodies were coupled to Alexa Fluor 488 and Alexa Fluor 555 fluorophores. Results. Histochemical studies (AChE) revealed that chinchilla pancreatic cholinergic innervation consisted of ganglionic neurocytes and numerous nerve fibers. These structures are located in the parenchyma of the exocrine part of the organ in close proximity to blood vessels and are present within the walls of the pancreatic ducts and interstitial connective tissue. A delicate fiber network around the Langerhans islets was also observed. The most numerous cholinergic structures were found in the head and tail, and the least numbers were found in the body of the pancreas. The SPG method revealed that adrenergic fibers form a network in the adventitia of blood vessels, and individual fibers run throughout the pancreatic parenchyma. Moreover, adrenergic nerve fibers were observed around the ganglionic neurocytes. This innervation was similar in all parts of the investigated organ. IHC investigations allowed observations of both the cholinergic and adrenergic activities of autonomic nerve structures. Additionally, using ChAT/DbH double staining, colocalization of these substances was observed in the fibers of the pancreatic parenchyma that passed through the cholinergic ganglia. Colocalization of VAChT and TH was found in nerve fibers of the exocrine part, in the walls of blood vessels, and in individual nerve cells. Colocalization of ChAT/DbH and VAChT/TH was observed in the single nerve cells and in the small (2-3 cell) ganglia. ChAT-and DbH-immunopositive nerve fibers were found in the area of the islets of Langerhans. Conclusions.The results indicate a more intense cholinergic innervation of the chinchilla's pancreas, which is represented by both ganglia and nerve fibers, while adrenergic structures are mainly represented by fibers and only single neurocytes. This arrangement of the investigated structures in this species may imply a major role for hormonal control of exocrine secretion in rodents.
The research was performed on 16 one-year-old domestic turkeys of Beltsville race and 16 domestic ducks of the Pekinese race, of both sexes. Standard histological technique was used and morphometric analysis was performed using histological samples. Ciliary ganglion morphometric analysis revealed the presence of two cell populations of ganglionic neurocytes: choroid and ciliary cells, clearly differing in diameter. Ciliary cells were predominant in turkeys, whereas choroid cells in ducks. The statistical analysis showed that the diameter and surface area of ganglionic neurocytes, the diameter and cross sectional area through the ciliary ganglion, as well as, the number of ganglionic cells on the cross-section through the ganglion were significantly larger (P<0.001) in turkeys than in ducks. The difference in the number of choroid and ciliary cells in domestic turkey and domestic duck is probably connected with eye accommodation, which seems to be greater in turkeys.
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The available literature provides relatively little information on the morphology of the autonomic head ganglia in rodents including their neurochemical codding. The present study was thus designed to investigate the morphology and neurochemical properties of the otic ganglion in the chinchilla. The results will contribute to our knowledge of the organization of the autonomic nerve system in mammals.Morphological investigations of the otic ganglion were performed using the modified acetylcholinesterase method. The cellular structure was investigated with histological techniques and neurochemical properties were studied with double-labelling immunofluorescence methodMacromorphological investigations allowed the otic ganglion to be identified as a compact, oval agglomeration of neurons and nerve fibers located inside the skull on the medial surface of the mandibular nerve, just above the oval foramen. Multidimensional cross-sections revealed densely arranged neuronal perikarya and two populations of nerve cells differing in size were distinguished. The large cells (40–50 μm) accounted for about 80% of the neurons in the otic ganglion cross-sections. Moreover, a small number of intraganglionic nerve fibers was observed. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that over 85% of the neuronal cell bodies in the otic ganglion contained immunoreactivity to VAChT or ChAT. VIP-immunoreactive perikarya comprised approximately 10% of the ganglionic cells. Double staining revealed the presence of VAChT and NOS-positive neurons which amounted to about 45% of the nerve cells in the otic ganglion. NOS-positive only perikarya comprised approx. 15% of all the neurons. Immunoreactivity to enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin and galanin was expressed in single nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres except numerous SP-positive intraganglionic nerve fibres. Some of them stained also for CGRP. Single neurons stained for TH.The present results, compared with previous findings, suggest the existence interspecies differences in the morphology, cellular structure and immunohistochemical properties of the head autonomic ganglia in mammals.
This article has been peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance.It is an open access article, which means that it can be downloaded, printed, and distributed freely, provided the work is properly cited. Articles in "Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica" are listed in PubMed.
The pattern of normal coronary vascularization in a mammalian heart includes the presence of both right and left coronary arteries. According to the literature data, the presence of single major coronary arteries is mainly related to cardiac abnormalities. Previously it has been reported that the right coronary artery is absent in the coronary vascularization of the heart in the chinchilla. Our research was carried out on thirty chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger Molina). The coronary vessels were filled with colored latex to render them visible. The examinations were supplemented additionally with the use of microcomputed tomography with arterial contrast. Our study demonstrates its undoubtedly presence of the right coronary artery. In all subjects the right coronary artery was present, as was the left coronary artery. Two types of right coronary artery were found. Our results indicate that the normal pattern of coronary vascularization of heart in chinchilla includes both the right and left coronary arteries. An open question remains the presence of single coronary artery is a normal pattern of cardiac arterial vascularization in chinchilla.
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