No abstract

This manuscript presents results from the investigation on the synthesis of alkyl xylosides by the novel, very efficient and promising protocol of the Fischer synthesis from unprotected xylose and aliphatic alcohol. The use of 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquids as the catalysts with dual functionality (surfactant + acid catalyst) and micellar reaction system are the main novelty of described method. It has been found that in developed method of the synthesis of alkyl xylosides the reaction of unprotected xylose with aliphatic alcohols carried out in mild reaction conditions and leads to alkyl xylosides with high yields. In progress analyses by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC/MS) confirm the general postulated pathway of developed method.

Selective molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with bisphenol A as template were synthesized using the non-covalent imprinting approach. MIPs were prepared using thermally initiated polymerization with 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitryle) (ACHN) as initiator and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linking agent. The tested functional monomers included methacrylic acid, acrylamide, and 4-vinylpyridine. The selectivity of the BPA-MIP for the solid phase extraction of bisphenol A was tested in samples containing other related alkylphenols. The polymers prepared in acetonitrile using methacrylic acid or acrylamide as monomer showed the highest selectivity towards target analyte (the selectivity ratio 8:1, respectively for MIP and NIP). The proposed procedure has been proven to be an effective for selective extraction of bisphenol A in aqueous samples (recoveries over 85%) enabling detection and quantification limits of 25 and 70 µg/dm 3 , respectively based on 10 cm 3 of sample volume, with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 6%. The obtained molecularly imprinted material showed interesting properties for selective extraction and preconcentration of studied analyte from large volumes of aqueous samples without any problems of cartridge clogging.

We have demonstrated that direct Fischer glycosidation of carbohydrates with selected alcohols, glycols and chloroalcohols to corresponding glucosides in micellar reaction system can be a promising and effective route for the selective synthesis of a number of functional glucosides. The use of specific catalyst combining both surfactant and acid catalyst functions enables formation of the reactive micellar system. The formation of corresponding glucosides with spectacular high selectivity to monoglucosides is one of the most important phenomena of the application of micellar catalysis to functional glucosides synthesis.

The effect of one of anthropogenic pollutants, i.e., 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol, called 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (BPA), at 30 and 120 mg L−1 concentrations in the darkness (DK) or dark/light (DK/LT) on growth and selected elements of metabolism of seedlings and leaf discs of Vicia faba ssp. minor was studied. Treatment with 120 mg L−1 BPA had greater effects which were reflected by increase in the number of necrotic changes in roots and stems as well as in leaf discs and reduction of the length of roots DK and DK/LT, and volume of roots in the DK group. However, minimal and no influence on the fresh and dry weight of roots and stems in plants growing under both types of lighting conditions were observed. In both DK and DK/LT groups these effects were correlated with reduced amounts of storage and cell wall-bound sugars as well as of proteins while in the DK/LT additionally with reduced soluble sugar levels in the roots and increased amounts of hydrogen peroxide and phenols in roots and stems as well as in treatment solutions, where these compounds were released. We suggest that endogenous phenols and BPA can be metabolised in roots and stems to quinones. It seems that TB-1,4-BQ, is the one of that of the five studied quinones. We expect that the results of this paper will help to answer the following question: does the phytomeliorative and phytosanitative V. faba ssp. minor plant is enough to be resistant on negative effects, and to be useful to reduce increasing amount of BPA in the environment?