Th e political system of the French Fift h Republic is referred to as "semi-presidentialism". Th is is to indicate its mixed nature -of a system presidential and parliamentary at a time. Th e Constitution grants broad prerogatives -and assigns serious tasks to both the head of statele Président de la République -and the chief of governmentle Premier ministre. When the prime minister represented the pro-presidential political camp, the head of state gained very serious infl uence on governing the state and political strategy (fi rst, when the French political scene was dominated by the right -
The immense progress in molecular biology, observed in the last decades has led to a fundamental change in our understanding of the etiology of human diseases. The whole genome analyses, both DNA sequencing and microarray Comparative Genomic Hybridization allowed for identification of previously unidentified diseases and syndromes. Therefore, in difficult-to-diagnose cases, clinical diagnosis is being replaced by molecular diagnosis (molecular dysmorphology, genomic medicine). For both scientific development of human genetics and clinical characteristics of rare genetic diseases, the construction and sharing of internationally available large databases has become crucial. However, genetic data has to be considered on the individual level too, and therefore it has to be treated as sensitive personal data. The context of ethical and legal risks involved in genetic testing has been long analyzed, although recognition of personal data protection issues is a more recent topic. The respective legal acts and protective measures should take into account several different aspects. The paper explores major benefits and risks involved in international sharing of vast databases of genetic material and presents legal provisions applied in the European Union, the USA and China. This latter part is based on the respective acts themselves, as well as on analyses and commentaries by other scholars.
The paper is an attempt to summarise the history of the Western European Union which was dissolved in 2010 from a different perspective that was applied to this organisation so far: without focusing on lofty declarations, so frequent in its development, but looking at the actually accepted legal acts and actually completed actions in Europe. This offers an insight into the European defence integration process as a functional element of a broader process and not an independent global-arena project. This context allows a more moderate assessment of achievement of WEU, perceived often as an entirely unsuccessful organisation. The approach I propose the Western European Union is a self-limiting organisation which acts only as a supplementation of greater and more significant projects, but an organisation which in effect achieved its objective as defined by interests of its member states.
Background. Currently, the university management requires undertaking the execution of new activities. In response to the challenges of the contemporary processes of the management – building a third generation university - universities are adapting the concepts of management, which up to now have been first and foremost availed of in the sector of enterprises. Such a solution is the concept of a learning organisation.
Research aims. The aim of the research conducted was to verify the using of the concepts of a learning organisation during the building of the third generation university
Methodology. In the research methodology, a systematic literary review was applied, as well as a case study of the Jagiellonian University. The choice of this university was made on the basis of a subjective evaluation of the process of evolution of the university from the second generation to the third generation. The adoption of such research methodology shall facilitate the building of propositions of good practices of the university management for other universities in the future.
Findings. The research conducted reveals that the university has been usinga learning organisation to build a third generation university
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