Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare, chronic autoimmune disease with unknown etiology. Its prominent features are fibrosis, vasculopathy and impaired immune response. Disease can also affect eyes leading to various findings in ophthalmological examination. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and type of ocular involvement in patients with SSc. A systematic literature review was conducted using electronic databases. A combination of following keywords was used: "systemic sclerosis" and ophthalmology-related search terms, including the keywords "eye", "ocular" and "ophthalmic". In conclusion, eyelid and conjunctival abnormalities and dry eye disease are among the most common ocular manifestations of SSc. Their diversity is connected to complexity of the disease.
The retention of the embryo in the transfer catheter after embryo transfer (ET) during in vitro fertilization is a very common phenomenon, encountered by even the most experienced operators, and embryos retained in the transfer catheter or its sleeve require a repeat transfer. The exact mechanism of embryo retention has not been explained. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of embryo retention in the catheter during embryo transfer by using a transparent uterus model equipped with pressure sensors and a video recorder. The results indicate that pressure changes in the uterine cavity during ET can influence the distribution of the transferred fluid containing the embryo. Under certain conditions, the transferred fluid can flow backward in the catheter, which may lead to retention of the embryo in the catheter.
Embryo transfer (ET) has been recognized as a vital step which influences pregnancy rates in patients undergoing the in vitro fertilization process (IVF). The safe placement of embryos inside the uterine cavity is essential to obtain an optimal pregnancy rate. However, there is no guarantee that the embryos will remain in the uterine cavity after the procedure. Embryos have been found in catheters, on the cervix, and on the vaginal speculum. The performance of an atraumatic ET is essential to IVF success. The other factor influencing ET are contamination of the catheter with blood, mucus or endometrial tissue, as well as the occurrence of retained embryos. Embryo retention in the catheter is a common phenomenon, encountered by even the most experienced operators. Embryo retained in the transfer catheter or its sleeve require repeat transfer. Pregnancy rates after IVF-ET decrease in a stepwise fashion with the increasing frequency of uterine contractions. To achieve state of maximal uterus relaxation during embryo transfer it is advised to perform ET gently without excessive stimulation of the cervix. Despite revolutionary changes in the embryological laboratory, little has changed with process of ET over past 20 years. Even thought, ET seems to be relatively easy procedure it should be performed by the most experienced operators.
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