The article argues that Russia's decision to initiate an attack on Ukraine in February 2022 was an inevitable move for both its material and ontological security. By adopting an offensive stance and directly engaging in a conflict with a former Soviet country, Russia transformed the ongoing tension with the West into a full-fledged confrontation. At this juncture, the article primarily emphasizes that Russia's assault on Ukraine has solidified its "anti-Western" rhetoric, which serves as a crucial pillar of its ontological security. However, it asserts that while this aggression bolstered the anti-Western discourse to some extent, it also harmed Russia's ontological security in terms of other biographical narratives and routines. In essence, the article examines the historical development of Russia's invasion of Ukraine and delves beyond the concrete steps taken, exploring the dangers posed by such aggressive behavior to Russia's ontological security, particularly with regard to its biographical narratives and routines. Within this framework, the article posits that Russia's ontological security relies on contemporary biographical narratives and routines rooted in the discourse of the “continuing state”, "strong state", sovereign democracy," "anti-Westernism," "anti-globalism," and "neo-Eurasianism.".
The study investigates the relationship between slums and capitalism in Nairobi, Kenya. The paper introduces Harvey and Davis theoretical explanation to examination the continues existence of slums. However, the study does not offer a comprehensive examination of all the slum areas in Kenya but focuses on Nairobi, the capital city. The paper presents that despite the poor quality of life and service delivery in these areas urbanization continues at a high rate. The article offers critical insights on how capitalist liberal policies perpetuate the vicious cycle of poverty for those living in slums. This study further highlights the rights violations of those living in slums due to the unavailability of basic services and little government intervention.
Democracy is the most widely accepted political paradigm in the world today. Nevertheless, for many African independent governments, democratization and its problems have long been formidable. Despite being seen as a bad start, liberation provided many African governments with the potential to transition from colonization to democratic predominance. Unfortunately, post-independence efforts have been mainly ineffective. Given the current aspirations of many African countries, some claim that democratization is the antithesis to political goal on the continent. Suffice to say that this battle underpins the difficulties of African democratization. In this view, the paper explores the waves of democratization in Africa and its renewed call. The paper concludes that despite all the renewed calls, a huge obstacle faces the continent in its democratization process.
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