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Objective To determine the optimum duration for the 25 min. The patients' discomfort was recorded using a 4-point descriptive pain scale and a 100 mm nonretention of 2% lignocaine gel intraurethrally as an anaesthetic for flexible cystoscopy in men.graphical visual analogue scale. Results In the first study, those patients receiving lignoPatients and methods A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted caine gel for 25 min experienced significantly less pain than the other three groups. In the second, lignocaine in two parts. Initially, the importance of duration was determined, i.e. whether pain relief was significantly gel in the urethra for 15 min provided the same level of pain relief as lignocaine for 25 min. improved when lignocaine gel was instilled for longer than is currently practised. As pain relief was improved Conclusion Pain during flexible cystoscopy can be significantly reduced when 20 mL of 2% lignocaine gel by retaining the lignocaine gel for longer, the optimum time was determined in a second trial. Initially, 90 is left in the urethra for 15 min; lignocaine gel would be more eÂective when left for longer than is currently patients were divided into four groups receiving 20 mL of 2% lignocaine gel or plain lubricating gel for 5 or practised. Keywords Local anaesthesia, flexible cystoscopy, topical 25 min. Subsequently, 60 men were divided into two groups receiving 20 ml of 2% lignocaine gel for 15 or lignocaine gel, urethra whether pain relief was significantly improved when

1990) Histopathology 16,487-493Oncocytic adenomas and oncocytic hyperplasia of salivary glands: a clinicopathological study of 26 cases Twenty-six benign oncocytic lesions of the salivary proposed. The histological and clinical features of this glands, excluding Warthin's tumours, have been heterogeneous group of lesions are discussed. This reviewed and criteria for their classification as oncocyanalysis suggests that the majority of lesions initially toma, multifocal nodular oncocytic hyperplasia, diffuse categorized as oncocytomas were, in fact, either nononcocytosis. pleomorphic adenoma with oncocytic neoplastic or, alternatively, oncocytic change in other change or oncocytic monomorphic adenoma have been types of adenoma.

MR and CT images of the head can be accurately registered without using external markers or substantially altering image acquisition protocols. The resulting images can show the radiologic information more clearly than conventional viewing.

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