Hypnea musciformis, a red seaweed prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, has been linked to a multitude of therapeutic benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of its extracts in 50% ethanol. Using the hot plate test, the acetic acid induced writhing test, and the formic acid induced test on Swiss albino mice, the analgesic potential of ethanol extracts was examined. Each test was administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Alternatively, an ethanol extract from carrageenan-induced paw edema was used in an anti-inflammatory experiment. Diclofenac is used as a reference standard in studies looking at the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of substances. In those animal models, our research demonstrates that Hypnea musciformis possesses potent anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving capabilities (percent inhibition found 28.22% on acetic acid method, 42.3% on Hot plate, and 48.7% on Formic acid). Bioresearch Commu. 9(1): 1237-1244, 2023 (January)
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD), classified under Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders in the DSM-5 manual, is a childhood psychiatric illness due to familial or social neglect or due to maltreatment. It is characterized by an inhibited and withdrawn social and emotional behavior toward an adult caregiver, typically before the age of 5. Neurobiological changes in patients with RAD have been shown to be substantially significant with features such as loss of grey matter volume and neurotransmitter deficiencies that not only impact the ability to form healthy attachments but also increase the risk of comorbidities such as depression and anxiety.Different theories, including the current mediation hypothesis and learning theory of attachment, showed childhood maltreatment from caregivers and desensitization toward deficiencies in social development in children from special education teachers to be key components in the development of RAD. Patients with RAD had an increased risk of developing psychiatric comorbidities, including learning disabilities and mood disorders. Institutionalized care and childhood maltreatment have a significant impact on the development of RAD.RAD is an underdiagnosed and underreported condition with significant repercussions that can severely impact the development of a child. By being able to raise awareness and promote further research into refining the diagnostic methodology, treatment protocols, and long-term follow-up, children afflicted with this condition may be able to develop better socio-emotional bonds and reduce the incidence of comorbidities such as depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
This research is conducted for comparison of an eco-friendly gamma radiation method and chemical fungicidal spray in reducing wheat blast incidence and severity in BINA under both artificial and natural conditions during 2019-2022. Wheat blast infection occurred on the leaves, spikes and newly emerged heads contained typical eye shaped blast symptoms. Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT), a causal agent of wheat blast was isolated by tissue panting method, cultured on OAT medium at 30 ±10C, confirmed by PCR amplified with universal MoT3 primer pairs that resulted 361 bp. The MoT inoculated (@ 5x106 CFU/mL) wheat plants successfully developed blast symptoms after 16 days in four tested wheat varieties/germplasm. An in vitro evaluation of five chemical fungicides was done against MoT where Nativo and Filia completely inhibited (100%) its radial mycelial growth. A total three spray, combination of half doses of Nativo + Filia [(0.3g + 1mL)/L] at 10 days intervals starting from one week of pre-heading or critical stage significantly reduced wheat blast incidence and severity in both artificially inoculated and natural conditions. Gamma radiated M3 population of wheat vars. also showed better performance in reduction of blast severity. Among the four doses of gamma radiation, 300 Gy significantly showed the better performance in reducing blast disease incidence and severity on wheat var. BG 26. Although combined fungicidal spray treatment (TF) significantly reduced 93.1% DI and 94.3 % DS in var. BG26 over control, but the highest percent reduction of wheat blast incidence (97.7%) and severity (98.4%) was observed on gamma irradiated (300 Gy) M3 line (BG26M3L4) under natural condition indicating gamma radiation brought a change in the genetic level positive for developing source of resistance against wheat blast. Moreover, gamma irradiated M3 line BG26M3L4 increased higher vegetative traits / yield than the combined fungicidal spray indicating gamma radiation might be a good replacement of chemical fungicides for management of blast of wheat.
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