BackgroundHealthcare workers caring for patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been a primary target of stigmatization and discrimination during the COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a support system for Asian healthcare workers who care for patients with COVID-19.PurposeThis study was designed to understand the characteristics of COVID-19-related stigma experienced by nurses caring for patients with COVID-19.MethodsA qualitative content analysis methodology was used. This study was conducted between April 2020 and March 2021. The participants were 10 female registered nurses working at three medical facilities that accepted patients with COVID-19. The data included specific narratives on the instances of stigma experienced when caring for patients with COVID-19, including connected situations and ideas. The data were collected using focus group interviews with three or four participants in each group. Data analysis was conducted based on the inductive qualitative analysis approach of Krippendorff.ResultsThe content analysis identified two categories and seven subcategories of stigma experienced by clinical nurses. The category “directly experienced prejudice and discrimination” included the subcategories “being avoided,” “being treated as dirty,” “discrimination toward family members,” and “others prying.” The category “self-imposed coping behavior” included the subcategories “keeping oneself apart,” “feeling guilty,” and “nondisclosure.”Conclusions/Implications for PracticeThe participants internalized their experiences of stigma, as Japanese culture emphasizes keeping such things to oneself. Therefore, there is an urgent need to strengthen the support system for nurses who care for patients with COVID-19. This study addressed the problem of the stigmatization of these nurses and their families by others as well as their colleagues. The main findings were that stigma was directly experienced as discrimination and prejudice and often resulted in self-imposed coping behavior. The major implication of these findings is the need to establish systematic, active, and ongoing organizational support programs for nurses who are discriminated against because of COVID-19-related stigma.
AZ91C magnesium alloys were unidirectionally solidified at various liquid cooling rates (V LC), average cooling rates in solidification range (V SC), temperature gradients (G), moving velocities of solid-liquid interface (R) and GIR ratios.Equiaxed dendrite structure was obtained by the superheating of molten metal. Dendrite cell size decreases exponentially with increasing liquid cooling rate. With increasing average cooling rate and with decreasing temperature gradient, the amount of eutectic compounds increases and it extends at triple junctions of cell boundaries and individual cell boundaies. In AZ91C-T6 alloy, the eutectic compounds dissolve by solution heat treatment. Discontinuous precipitates along cell boundaries were observed by optical microscopy and their width decreases with increasing liquid cooling rate.
Stigma among healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an issue that requires immediate attention, as it may otherwise lead to the collapse of healthcare systems. In this study, we developed the COVID-19-related stigma scale for healthcare workers (CSS-HCWs) and assessed its reliability and validity. Data were collected online from 500 participants, including physicians and nurses involved in COVID-19 care. The first item of the draft scale was developed based on a literature review and qualitative study. The draft scale consisted of 24 items, which were rated on a six-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were calculated and the data distribution was analyzed. To assess the scale’s validity and reliability, structural validity was evaluated through an exploratory factor analysis. Criterion-related validity was examined through a correlation analysis using the E16-COVID19-S, a COVID-19 scale developed for physicians in Egypt. Reliability was evaluated by examining the scale’s stability and internal consistency. The findings revealed that the stigma scale was a valid and reliable instrument. The final scale consisted of 18 items across three domains: personal stigma, concerns of disclosure and others, and family stigma. In conclusion, the scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can measure COVID-19-related stigma among healthcare workers.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.