Recent developments on Heusler alloys including Ni–Mn–X and Ni–Co–Mn–X (X = Ga, In, Sn,…) demonstrate multiferroic phase transformations with large abrupt changes in lattice parameters of several percent and corresponding abrupt changes in ferromagnetic ordering near the transition temperatures. These materials enable a new generation of thermomagnetic generators that convert heat to electricity within a small temperature difference below 5 K. While thermodynamic calculations on this energy conversion method predict a power density normalized to material volume of up to 300 mW cm−3, experimental results have been in the range of µW cm−3. Challenges are related to the development of materials with bulk‐like single‐crystal properties as well as geometries with large surface‐to‐volume ratio for rapid heat exchange. This study demonstrates efficient thermomagnetic generation via resonant actuation of freely movable thin‐film devices of the Heusler alloy Ni–Mn–Ga with unprecedented power density of 118 mW cm−3 that compares favorably with the best thermoelectric generators. Due to the large temperature‐dependent change of magnetization of the films, a periodic temperature change of only 3 K is required for operation. The duration of thermomagnetic duty cycle is only about 12 ms, which matches with the period of oscillatory motion.

No abstract

Supportinginformation and the ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under: https://doi.

optical, medical and lab-on-chip systems including mobile, wearable and implantable devices. [ 5 ] Various concepts for energy harvesting on a miniature scale have been developed in the past based, e.g., on piezoelectric, [ 1,6 ] electromagnetic induction, [ 7 ] electrostatic, [ 8 ] and thermoelectric principles. [ 9 ] In the fi rst three cases, kinetic energy is generated by using vibration in the environment. These systems are commonly based on electromechanically coupled spring-damper systems.Thermoelectric principles use temperature gradients in the environment to produce electrical power (Seebeck effect). In contrast to the aforementioned principles, no moving parts are required. While being versatile for various applications, they face a number of diffi culties when it comes to miniaturization. The effi ciency of thermoelectric devices is determined by the fi gure of merit ZT , which is in the order of 1 in best cases. [ 10 ] In order to obtain a reasonable output, relatively large temperature differences Δ T and means of heat sinking beyond natural convection are required. [ 11 ] In small dimensions, however, Δ T is reduced and, thus, energy conversion becomes ineffi cient.For the use of energy resources stored at small Δ T below 20 K, smart materials showing a fi rst order phase transformation without diffusion are highly attractive. Recent developments on MSMAs demonstrate abrupt changes in lattice parameters beyond 10% and corresponding large changes in their magnetic properties (magnetization, magnetic anisotropy) at small Δ T . [12][13][14][15][16][17] Owing to their multifunctional properties, these materials may perform different tasks while keeping the design simple, which is important for downscaling. Due to these reasons, magnetic SMAs are predestined for thermal microenergy harvesting.Recently, a new series of magnetic SMA systems, Ni-Mn-X-Y (X: In, Sn, Sb, Y: Co, Fe) has been found showing a fi rst order phase transformation with a large change of magnetization Δ M . [14][15][16][17] Ni-Mn-In and Ni-Co-Mn-In alloys show a particularly drastic Δ M effect due to a martensitic transition from a ferromagnetic austenite phase to a nonferromagnetic martensite phase. [ 18,19 ] An important prerequisite for energy conversion in a cyclic process are highly reversible phase transformations. The stress associated with the change of lattice parameters during phase transformation can cause pronounced microstructural changes including the formation of dislocations and other A new method for thermal energy harvesting at small temperature difference and high cycling frequency is presented that exploits the unique magnetic properties and actuation capability of magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) fi lms. Polycrystalline fi lms of the Ni 50.4 Co 3.7 Mn 32.8 In 13.1 alloy are tailored, showing a large abrupt change of magnetization and low thermal hysteresis well above room temperature. Based on this material, a free-standing fi lm device is designed that exhibits thermomagnetically induced actuation between a hea...

No abstract

No abstract

The labels of Fig. 2 are misplaced. Correct composition of the samples is shown in Fig. 2 of this Erratum. In Eq. ͑19͒, there is a misprint in the expression for T m0 . The correct expression isThe remainder of the paper is unaffected by this correction. FIG. 2. ͑Color online͒ Temperature hysteresis of the ferromagnetic transition observed in Ni 2+x Mn 1−x Ga ͑0.18ഛ x ഛ 0.27͒ alloys undergoing coupled magnetostructural phase transition.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and magnetic measurements were performed to study the influence of ferromagnetic 3-d transition elements Fe and Co on structural and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys Ni 2 MnGa. Addition of Fe or Co on the Ni sites decreases the temperature of martensitic phase transition T m , whereas addition of Co on the Mn sites results in a considerable increase of T m . Magnetic measurement revealed that Curie temperature T C increases upon substitution of Fe or Co for Ni. This observation is of importance for design of high temperature ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.