Abstract-The aim of this study was to get insight into the development of tactile interface for automobile warning system. In other words, it was investigated whether the important driving information in the right and left peripheral visual fields can be recognized faster using tactile warning system as compared with auditory warning system. The participants were required to simultaneously carry out a tracking task (main task), a switch pressing task such as selection of light-on function, and a judgment task of important information which randomly appeared to the right or left peripheral visual field. The tracking error, the number of lane deviation, the percentage correct of switch pressing, and the response time to right and left peripheral stimulus were measured. It was examined how age, the modality of alarm presentation (no alarm, auditory, and tactile), the addition of direction in alarm presentation, and the existence of disturbance sound, and the location of tactile sensor (steering or foot) affected the measures above. The young adults performed better than older adults. The response time was not affected by the modality of alarm presentation, and the disturbance sound. The addition of direction of alarm presentation affected the performance. The tactile sensor attached to the foot led to faster response than that attached to the steering wheel.
The effects of age on applicability of the location compatibility principle to the design of display and control systems were discussed. A dual-task experiment was conducted, in which the primary task was first-order tracking. The secondary tasks included control of an air conditioner, the operation of a radio and the operation of a CD/MD, by means of either a steering wheel-mounted switch or a console-mounted switch. The display was arranged either in front of or on the left side of a participant. Performance of the young group did not completely follow predictions of the compatibility principle. In particular, the principle did not apply to the left-side display condition. The steering wheel-mounted switch was more effective than the left-side switch even for the left-side display. The compatibility principle was applicable to both front and left-side displays for the older adults. For the front display, the steering wheel-mounted switch was more effective. Such differences should be taken into account when designing display and control systems in man - vehicle systems.
The aim of this study was to predict drivers' drowsy driving and stop drivers from driving under drowsy states. While the participants were required to carry out a simulated driving task, EEG (MPF and α/β-ratio), ECG (RRV3), tracking error, and subjective rating of drowsiness were measured. On the basis of such measurements, we made an attempt to predict the decreased arousal level using Bayesian estimation which is generally used to estimate the cause on the basis of the effect (in this case, the measurements above). As a result of predicting the decreased arousal level using MPF, α/β-ratio, and RRV3, it has been suggested that the drowsy driving represented by larger tracking error during the simulated driving can be predicted in advance. Moreover, the proposed prediction method enabled us to predict the point in time when the participant surely encountered a serious accident with fairly high probability. It was also found that the fine renewal of the prior probability lead to the decrease of false prediction of decreased arousal level.
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