line, Hyogo station, Japan) strains were established from the MA line (WL) and line (WPR) of a normal growing line, respectively. However, the responsible genes in the two lines of SLD chicken have not been identified. In this study, we characterized the phenotypes and identified the responsible genes in the SLD chickens of these two strains. SLD chickens of both strains showed low body weight, short tarsometatarsus length, and high blood growth hormone (GH) level compared with the normal growing lines. From these particular results, it was indicated that the SLD chickens might possess a defect in the growth hormone receptor (GHR). We identified two types of mutations in the GHR gene in each SLD chicken by Northern blot and polymerase chain reaction analyses. The S MA line had a single base mutation in the splice donor site of the exon /intron on the GHR gene, whereas the line lacked a large part of exon of the GHR gene, which contained highly conserved amino acids at the end of the coding region and -UTR. Furthermore, it was revealed that growth retardation was caused by reduction in food intake of the SLD chickens. These two genetically distinguishable lines of dwarf chickens would serve as an e ective tool for analyzing novel GH function and GHR signal transduction in chickens.: genotyping, growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, growth hormone resistance, sex-linked dwarf chicken levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I despite high conPlymouth Rock (WPR; line, National Livestock Breeding ; Hull ). In another type of SLD strain, the so-called Connecticut SLD, a deletion has been idendi erent mutations have been identified in the GHR gene; for example, in Georgia SLD and Gifu SLD, a single Sex-linked dwarf (SLD) chickens represents a genetic base mutation of the splice donor site in exon /intron disorder characterized by low body weight and reduced has been identified to result in exclusive expression of a small GHR transcript (Huang ; Tanaka centrations of growth hormone (GH) in plasma (Hoshino ), and in Cornell SLD and Leghorn SLD, a point ; Tixier-Boichard ; Decuypere mutation has been identified to result in a serine-isoleucine ; Buyse ). This genetic disorder is due to substitution in the extracellular domain, which impairs the mutation on the Z chromosome of a recessive growth binding activity of GH with the mutant GHR (Duriez hormone receptor (GHR) gene (Guillaume, ; Burnside ; Huang ; Agarwal ; Hull ; Tanaka , ). The SLD tified in the GHR gene, which causes the removal of chicken is suggested to be the animal model for GH amino acids from the carboxyl terminal of GHR (Burnresistance, as well as the first model of Laron syndrome side ; Agarwal ). All these mutain humans (Laron, ). tions result in a GHR defect or a dysfunctional GHR SLD chickens are highly heterogeneous, and several protein.The White Leghorn (WL; S MA line, National Livestock Breeding Center, Okazaki station, Japan) and White Center, Hyogo station, Japan) strains maintained in Japan were established from the MA line (WL) and
Although several adjuncts to the general anesthetic propofol have been proposed, there is insufficient research identifying the ideal agent, and in what dosage, to combine with propofol in dental outpatient anesthesia. Here we examined the combination of remifentanil or nitrous oxide and propofol in patients with severe dental avoidance undergoing dental treatment in the outpatient setting. Eighty patients were randomized to 4 groups and administered propofol/saline solution (PS; n ¼ 20), propofol/remifentanil 0.25 lg/kg/min (PRe-0.25; n ¼ 20), propofol/remifentanil 0.125 lg/kg/min (PRe-0.125; n ¼ 20), or propofol/66% nitrous oxide (PN; n ¼ 20). During anesthesia, the bispectral index value was kept between 40 and 60. Body movements and hemodynamic changes during anesthesia, emergence, and recovery as well as anesthetic cost were compared between the combinations. Body movements were observed in all patients administered PS but in no patients administered PRe-0.25, PRe-0.125, or PN. Postoperative nausea was observed in 5 patients (25%) administered PRe-0.25 and in 1 patient (5%) administered PN. Although both PRe-0.125 and PN were useful clinically, PRe-0.125 was the least expensive combination.
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