Four types of benzo-15-crown-5 and benzo-18-crown-6 derivatives bearing a substituted hydrazone moiety as a proton-dissociable chromogenic group were synthesized and the solvent extraction behaviors of these compounds for alkali metal ions were evaluated spectrophotometrically. Benzo-15-crown-5 and -18-crown-6 hydrazones with 2,4-dinitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl or 2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups extracted alkali metal ions predominantly as 2 : 1 and 1 : 1 (crown ether : metal ion) complexes, respectively, from an aqueous alkaline solution into 1,2-dichloroethane and these ligands exhibited high K+-selectivity. The composition of the extracted species and the K+-selectivity depended on the polarity of the extraction solvent used. In particular, 2 : 2 complexes of several alkali metal ions with benzo-15-crown-5 and -18-crown-6 hydrazones bearing a 2,4-dinitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group were readily extracted from an aqueous solution into chloroform.
Copper deposited using bath additives added to the bath such as brighteners like Bis-(3-sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS)shows physical property changes when kept even at room temperature. In this research, the elements or groups contained in 2-Mercapto-5-benzimidazole (2M-5S), which have effects in preventing the property changes, are investigated. From this, Mercapto groups and Nitrogen atoms are thought to be essential and Benzene rings are thought to assist these effects. 2M-5S is thought to produce a strong union with the Cu(I) complex and coexisting additives using δ -polarized Nitrogen atoms and increases the amount of impurities incorporated into the deposits at the time of reduction.
Natural additive agents in the electrodeposition process have long been used to improve deposition flatness and help prevent impurities from precipitating during deposition.The effective molecular weight and elements of these natural additives during deposition, however, have not been clarified sufficiently to understand the mechanism behind their effectiveness.In this research, we used gelatin having an average molecular weight of 18000, determined by HPLC, as a natural additive.We also used polyethylene glycol (PEG) having average molecular weights of 20000, 6000, and 2000 as a synthetic additive.Mass deposit changes were monitored by QCM . We obtained the following results : 1) Mass change during deposition depended on the molecular weight of the additive .2) The deposition rate in the presence of gelatin was lower than that in the presence of PEG . 3) Anomalous mass change was detected during deposition in the presence of gelatin and PEG additives . This corresponded to the change in the surface morphology of deposits.
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