Penile conserving surgery is oncologically safe and a surgical excision margin of less than 5 mm is adequate. Higher local recurrence rates are associated with lymphovascular invasion, and higher tumor stage and grade. Local recurrence has no negative impact on long-term survival.

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cancer tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS5HT caused a dose-dependent increase in the proliferation of HT1376 cells. The maximum increase in cell proliferation (12%; 12 samples, P < 0.001) was at 10 − 8 M as compared to the control at 72 h. At 10 − 4 M , 5HT 1A antagonist and 5HT 1B antagonist (SB224289 hydrochloride) had a 10% (12 samples, P < 0.001) and 93% (12, P < 0.001) inhibitory effect on HT1376 cell growth, respectively, compared to the control at 72 h. There was immunostaining for 5HT 1A and 5HT 1B receptors in HT1376 cells and malignant bladder tissue, confirming the presence of these two receptor subtypes. Western blot analysis showed the presence of 5HT 1A and 5HT 1B receptor proteins with bands of 46 kDa and 43 kDa, respectively. CONCLUSION5HT 1A and to a greater extent 5HT 1B antagonists significantly inhibit bladder cancer cell growth. This effect is probably mediated via the 5HT 1A and 5HT 1B receptors. These results highlight the potential use of 5HT 1A and 5HT 1B antagonists in the treatment of bladder cancer.

Micropenis in adults is defined as a stretched length of <7.5 cm. Many aetiologies exist, including congenital and endocrinological causes as well as pathological conditions, such as penile lichen sclerosus, trauma and genital cancer. The resulting reduction in functional penile length can lead to considerable psychosexual morbidity. Furthermore, the subset of patients with micropenis who also suffer from penile dysmorphic disorder require careful and intensive psychological counselling. Corrective surgery for micropenis can be performed in patients with realistic expectations. Total phalloplasty using radial-artery-based forearm skin flaps can offer restoration of normal penile length in selected patients. More-conservative surgical techniques to improve length or girth are limited by minimal enhancement but associated with a significantly lower rate of complications and comorbidity compared to total phalloplasty. Emerging tissue engineering techniques might represent a suitable alternative to penile replacement surgery in the future.