With universals of translation budding into an interesting field in translation studies, discussing the nature of translation universals and explicitation as one of the universals of translation emerges as one important strand worthy exploring. In this paper, first of all, the notion of explicitation in translation is introduced, followed by the probable relations between expertise and explicitation discussed in two Arabic-English translations of the Holy Quran. First, a comparison was made between the original text and the translations in terms of explicitation regarding cohesion in context. Second, the translations were compared by studying cohesive markers. In the third step, the study investigated the relationship among features of cohesion, as verified by Halliday and Hassan's seminal work in this realm, with all instances of explicitation identified on this basis. The fourth stage of the study saw a comparison drawn between the frequencies of explicitation in the translations. The findings pointed to the application of explicitation, somehow affecting the behavior of cohesive markers. Finally, the results of the analysis supported the need for the reasons behind the rate of the relationship between expertise and explicitation in the Arabic-English translations of the Quran. Interestingly, the findings turned out to be in contrast with the hypothesis indicating that the translated texts converted by experienced translators would be more explicit than their original parallel versions. Further, experienced or inexperienced translators transferred most of the ellipsis and substitutions used in the source text in their original form. No clear relationship between the level of expertise of translators and explicitation in translation was discovered. Such detailed investigations of the instances of explicitation in corpora would be attempts to categorize, compare and contrast patterns of occurrence, and provide possible starting points for further similar research.
The main focus of this paper is on speeches in literary discourse as the superb ideological displays of propaganda as well as their translations for having an enormous capacity for ideological manipulation. In this paper, the only present English-Azarbaijani Turkish translation of Squealer's speech from Orwell's Animal Farm was discoursally analyzed based on House's revised translation quality assessment (TQA) model. According to this model, speeches as propaganda in literary texts must be translated overtly to meet the standards of an adequate translation. Of the main criteria of an overt translation are co-activating the original discourse world and being equivalent at the levels of text, register, and genre. With respect to covertly and overtly erroneous errors, the findings of the study demonstrated that enormous ideological distortions and manipulation were carried out in the Turkish translation. Therefore, the translation was a covert and inadequate one. Moreover, the social effect the source and target texts' readerships receive would be radically different from each other. Finally, some implications and suggestions for further studies were proposed.
The main purpose of this paper is to assess the translation quality of a political literary text, i.e. Orwell's Animal Farm, from the viewpoint of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and explore the degree to which ideology and power relations play major roles in the two Persian translations. Adopting the CDA framework of Van Dijk under Lefevere's notion of ideology, change and power in literature and society, this paper examined two different English-Persian translations of an excerpt from Animal Farm, The Seven Commandments, to pinpoint the interwoven relation between ideology, change and power and translation. To discover the impact of these phenomena on each other, a detailed contrastive/comparative study at the micro/macro-level in terms of fore/back-grounding mechanisms was conducted to examine, describe and subsequently interpret the patterns in the source text (ST) and its target texts (TTs). The findings of the study illuminated that too significant ideological distortions and manipulation were made in the translations to consider them as adequate translations.
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