Various planting designs behave in different ways on microclimate and thermal comfort due to mainly distinct features of vegetation type and ratio. The papers simulated the microclimate behavior and thermal comfort of different planting design scenarios of an urban park using ENVI-met model. We measured temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity during the coldest period of 2016. Seven scenarios of planting design with different types and ratios of vegetation were simulated. In scenario of evergreen trees, humidity was relatively high while temperature and wind velocity were decreased. Simulated grass covered park and deciduous trees showed higher temperature and wind velocity. Scenario of grasses and the scenarios with high ratio of deciduous trees in comparison with other scenarios indicated lower wind speeds. The findings can be seen as a possibility of improvement of winter thermal comfort, considering a proper planting design as an important step in order to achieve Citizen Satisfaction.
Climate factors such as rain, snow, strong winds, and icy roads are largely responsible for road accidents in various periods of the year and in various parts of the world. This study first examines the frequency of these factors in Iran. Using a quantitative method of risk analysis, the study identifies the potential for the climate risk affecting road safety and then prepares risk maps in a geographic information system (GIS) environment in various months of the year for the whole country. A study of risk maps shows that the months of the year may be divided into two periods in terms of accident potential: (1) April-October, when the roads face small or moderate numbers of accidents. In this period, strong winds play an important role in road accidents especially in windy regions such as the southeast and the northwest of the country, and (2) November-March, when the potential for road accidents gradually increases, reaching its peak in January. In this period, snow, rain, and icy roads are the most important causes of accidents especially on mountainous roads such as the roads in the Alborz and Zagros Mountains.
As a result of inappropriate management and rising levels of societal demand, in arid and semi-arid regions water resources are becoming increasingly stressed. Therefore, well-established insight into the effects of climate change on water resource components can be considered to be an essential strategy to reduce these effects. In this paper, Iran's climate change and variability, and the impact of climate change on water resources, were studied. Climate change was assessed by means of two Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator (LARS-WG) weather generators and all outputs from the available general circulation models in the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change-SCENario GENerator (MAGICC-SCENGEN) software, in combination with different emission scenarios at the regional scale, while the Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) model has been used for projections at the local scale. A hydrological model, the Runoff Assessment Model (RAM), was first utilized to simulate water resources for Iran. Then, using the MAGICC-SCENGEN model and the downscaled results as input for the RAM model, a prediction was made for changes in 30 basins and runoffs. Modeling results indicate temperature and precipitation changes in the range of ±6 °C and ±60%, respectively. Temperature rise increases evaporation and decreases runoff, but has been found to cause an increased rate of runoff in winter and a decrease in spring.
The main objective of the present research is to examine trends change in climatic elements in the north of Iran. The daily data of minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation of 6 stations of the area under study are retrieved from Iranian meteorological organization and the are used to calculate other parameters such as average and range of temperature in seasonal and annual scale. Then, Mann Kendal and T-test methods are used for cal-culating the change in aforementioned climatic parameters on seasonal and annual scale. The results of the research indicate a meaningful increasing trend in minimum, maximum and mean temperature and a meaningful decreasing trend in temperature range. Precipitation on seasonal and annual scale do not have significant trends.
PurposeThe aim of this paper is to revisit the albedo for uncertainty. The albedo is considered as a fuzzy value due to some realistic reasons which they will be discussed in details. After defining an appropriate uncertain albedo by using fuzzy set theory, the related energy balance model is also redefined as a fuzzy differential equation by using the concept of fuzzy derivative.Design/methodology/approachThe well-known Earth energy balance model is redefined as a fuzzy differential equation by using the concept of fuzzy derivative. Thus, instead of an ordinary differential equation, a fuzzy differential equation arises which it's solution procedure will be discussed in details.FindingsResults indicate that the fuzzy uncertainty for albedo causes more real results after solving the fuzzy energy balance equation. Considering albedo as a fuzzy number is more realistic than considering a single certain number for albedo of a surface. This is due to this fact that the Earth's surface coverage is not crisp and the boundaries of different types of lands are not consistent. The proposed approach of this paper can help us to provide more realistic climate models and construct dynamical models which can model the albedo based on its variability.Originality/valueIn this paper, we defined fuzzy energy balance model as a fuzzy differential equation for the first time. We also, considered albedo as a fuzzy number which is another novel approach.
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