Background: Most cytotoxic drugs are unable to discriminate normal cells from cancer cells and they interfere with cell division and could lead to harmful effects such as carcinogenicity, genetic mutation, and teratogenicity. In order to assess dermal occupational exposure to cytotoxic drugs, surface sampling was used to determine the residual drugs on the working surfaces, as well as the effectiveness of the procedures for cleaning the treatment area. Objectives: This study was designed with the aim to investigate the contamination of surfaces and hand skin of the oncology staff with cyclophosphamide drug. Methods: Environmental and personal monitoring were performed by collecting wipe and dermal samples over the span of a month at two different times of handling of cytotoxic drugs or other work like cleaning and patient admission. Samples were taken from exposed oncology staff after administering cyclophosphamide to patient. Results: The method of sampling and analysis of cyclophosphamide over a linear range surface density of 30 -180 ng/cm 2 was

Viruses can be transmitted in indoor environments. Important factors in Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) are air velocity, relative humidity, temperature, and airflow pattern and Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can use for IAQ assessment. The objective of this study is to CFD simulation in the living room to the prediction of the air pattern and air velocity. A computational fluid dynamic model was applied for airflow pattern and air velocity simulation. For simulation, GAMBIT, FLUENT, and CFD post software were used as preprocessing, processing, and post-processing, respectively. CFD validation was carried out by comparing the computed data with the experimental measurements. The final mesh number was set to 1,416,884 elementary cells and SIMPLEC algorithm was used for pressure-velocity coupling. PERSTO, and QUIK schemes have been used for the pressure terms, and the other variables, respectively. Simulations were carried out in ACH equals 3, 6 and 8 in four lateral walls. The maximum error and root mean square error from the air velocity were 14% and 0.10, respectively. Terminal settling velocity and relaxation time were equal to 0.302 ×10− 2 m/s and 0.0308 ×10− 2 s for 10 µm diameter particles, respectively. The stopping distance was 0.0089m and 0.011m for breathing and talking, respectively. The maximum of mean air velocity is in scenario 4 with ACH = 8 that mean air velocity is equal to 0.31 in 1.1m height, respectively. The results of this study showed that avoiding family gatherings is necessary for exposure control and suitable airflow and pattern can be improving indoor air conditions.

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There has been an increasing concern about the continuous and the sudden release of volatile organic pollutants from petroleum refineries and occupational and environmental exposures. Benzene is one of the most prevalent volatile compounds, and it has been addressed by many authors for its potential toxicity in occupational and environmental settings. Due to the complexities of sampling and analysis of benzene in routine and accidental situations, a reliable estimation of the benzene concentration in the outdoor setting of refinery using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) could be instrumental for risk assessment of occupational exposure. In the present work, a computational fluid dynamic model was applied for exposure risk assessment with consideration of benzene being released continuously from a reforming unit of a refinery. For simulation of benzene dispersion, GAMBIT, FLUENT, and CFD post software are used as preprocessing, processing, and post-processing, respectively. Computational fluid dynamic validation was carried out by comparing the computed data with the experimental measurements. Eventually, chronic daily intake and lifetime cancer risk for routine operations through the two seasons of a year are estimated through the simulation model. Root mean square errors are 0.19 and 0.17 for wind speed and concentration, respectively. Lifetime risk assessments of workers are 0.4-3.8 and 0.0096-0.25 per 1000 workers in stable and unstable atmospheric conditions, respectively. Exposure risk is unacceptable for the head of shift work, chief engineer, and general workers in 141 days (38.77%) in a year. The results of this study show that computational fluid dynamics is a useful tool for modeling of benzene exposure in a complex geometry and can be used to estimate lifetime risks of occupation groups in a refinery setting.

Abstract-One of the important concerns in Tehran municipal landfill is the production of leachate and its potential for water resources pollution. This paper investigates the removal of heavy metals from landfill leachate by using a combined system of a membrane Bioreactor (MBR) together with reverse osmosis. The leachate was collected from a landfill in the vicinity of Tehran nearly 1 year old, The data indicated that the system provided high removals of Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr equal to 98%, 79%, 85%, 85%, 87%, 82%, and 73% respectively and heavy metal concentration in MBR effluent is a function of aeration ratio and bioaccumulation. Among the metals investigated in the present study It can be concluded that the extracellular adsorption, is the principal removal process of the metals, compared to other removal mechanisms such as bioaccumulation or intracellular accumulation, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Fe, respectively, have higher capability of being adsorbed through biological processes by MLSS. Also, based on Freundlich Isotherm, Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Fe, in turn, have the most saturation rate for every gram of MLSS and their maximum fast absorption is 0.000023, 0.0035, 0.22, 5, 6, 130 mg/g MLSS, respectively.