BackgroundContinuous light or darkness has various effects on different systems. In the present research work, the effects of constant light and darkness exposure of male rats and oral administration of exogenous melatonin on the serum levels of melatonin have been studied.MethodsThirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of: (1) Control, (2) melatonin, (3) light, (4) light and melatonin, (5) darkness, and (6) darkness and melatonin. All groups were placed according to light conditions for 10 days. Melatonin was administered orally after a period of 10 days to Groups 2, 4, and 6 (10 mg/kg of body weight). Serum levels of melatonin were measured using ELISA.ResultsThe results showed the significant difference on serum melatonin in darkness, no light, and control groups. Although serum levels of melatonin were different in melatonin groups, the difference is not significant.ConclusionsWe concluded that being exposed to continuous darkness leads to an increase in serum melatonin.
Background: Bio-aerosols in the air of hospital wards have an important role in the development of infections. It is important to make quantitative and qualitative estimations of microorganisms in the air of these wards as an index for environmental hygiene applicable to different hospital wards. The aim of the study was to investigate degrees of diversity and density of bio-aerosols in the education hospitals of Kerman city. Methods: This study applied a descriptive-cross-sectional methodology in the second half of 2014 in the education hospitals of Kerman city, with bed capacity of over 300. As many as 200 samples were collected from the air in different wards of each hospital using the standard method of the National Occupational Health and Safety Institute. Following collection, samples were placed in an incubator for 48 hours and then bio-aerosol detections were made for and resulting data reported as colonies/m 3 . Results:Results indicated that maximum and minimum degrees of bacterial density were observed in operation rooms and in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Shafa hospital. Furthermore, comparison showed that the operating room at Afzalipour hospital had the lowest level of fungal contamination, while ICU at Bahonar hospital had the highest level of fungal contamination. The emitted fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium along with the bacteria, staphylococci and Acinetobacter had greater frequencies. The means of bacterial density and fungal density were not equal across the studied hospitals and significant statistical, difference was observed between means of bacterial and fungal density (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Amounts of bacterial and fungal density were greater than those proposed in the American Industrial Health State Conference in 73.3% of the wards in the educational hospitals of Kerman city sampled in this study. Therefore it is suggested that implementation of some, necessary measures for continuous monitoring, promotion of hygienic disinfection standards, and ventilation systems are taken more seriously by stipulating regulations to control this important issue in the country's hospitals.
Background: Success and academic achievement are among the most important goals of both students and educational systems. Researchers have examined the impact of different factors such as intelligence, personality, attitude, study habits, thinking skills and academic motivation on students' academic performance. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of motivational beliefs and cognitive and metacognitive strategies with students' academic achievement. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study, the statistical population included all medical and health students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (1405 students), 250 of whom were selected according to the Levy and Lemeshow's formula. After estimating the sample size, the stratified random sampling method was used. To collect data, Pintrich and de Groot's motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) was employed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and independent t-test. Results: Among the components of cognitive learning strategies, comprehension (r = 0.1266, P < 0.10), and among the components of metacognitive learning strategies, the regulation component (r = 0.049, P < 0.05) had a significant positive correlation with academic performance. Among the components of motivational beliefs, the self-efficacy component (r = 0.173, P < 0.10) showed a significant positive correlation with academic performance. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, only metacognitive learning strategies had the ability to predict the academic performance of the students. There was no significant difference between male and female students in any of the studied variables. Conclusions: Based on the results, students who use more diverse cognitive strategies show better performance than others. Performance is more desirable among those who evaluate their understanding of the content of the course and make more efforts and have more perseverance (regulation) in the learning process. Students who believe in their abilities (self-efficacy) and reinforce these beliefs will have a better academic performance.
Candida and candidiasis [2] An approach to etiology, diagnosis and management of different types of candidiasis [3] Invasive candidiasis [4] Genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida albicans species isolated from hospitalized paediatric patients with urinary tract infection in Iran [5] Molecular characterization and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginitis in Jahrom city, south of Iran [6] Non-albicans Candida infection: An emerging threat [7] Luliconazole for the treatment of fungal infections: An evidence-based review [8] Luliconazole, a highly effective imidazole, against Fusarium species complexes [9] Resistance to antifungal agents: Mechanisms and clinical impact [10] Reduced fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: Effects of long-term fluconazole therapy [11] Emergence of resistance of Candida albicans to clotrimazole in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: In vitro and clinical correlations [12] Antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida albicans isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis in Xinjiang province of China [13] Identification of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in Yasuj southwestern Iran [14] Clinical and microbial epidemiology of otomycosis in the city of Yasuj, southwest Iran, revealing Aspergillus tubingensis as the dominant causative agent [15] Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing [16] M27: Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts [17] Antifungal susceptibility of 1000 Candida bloodstream isolates to 5 antifungal drugs: Results of a multicenter study conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1995-2003 [18] Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates from the Candida surveillance study [19] Species distribution and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of vulvovaginal Candida isolates in China [20] Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Species distribution of Candida and their antifungal susceptibility pattern [21] Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species causing vulvovaginitis and epidemiology of recurrent cases [22] Antifungal susceptibility of South African oral yeast isolates from HIV/AIDS patients and healthy individuals
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