A B S T R A C TBench-scale simulation of flocculated magnetic separation (FMS) technology was performed using a jar-tester to treat produced water from four Iraqi oilfields. The results revealed that effluent water with low oil content and suspended solid can be achieved. Settling time for FMS is several times less than that of conventional process. These features make FMS, followed by a polishing oil removal step, such as nutshell filters, attractive to treat Iraqi produced water for injection purpose.
In this work, a pilot unit using side-stream MBR configuration was operated in BioFlow mode (i.e. no back pulse) and BioPulse mode (with intermittent back pulses) to treat municipal wastewater with relatively low MLSS. The results showed that the trans-membrane pressure (TMP) was less in the case of BioPulse over the whole period of system operation compared to that of BioFlow mode. However, the energy consumption per unit volume of permeated water is slightly higher in the case of BioFlow mode (3.4 kW.hr/m3) than that in the case of BioPulse mode (3.2 kW.hr/m3). Therefore, operation in BioPulse is preferable due to stable TMP caused by nearly fully recoverable fouling type, which results in lower chemical cleaning frequency. The MBR unit showed steady performance at a flux of 60 L/m2.hr. The system could achieve good water quality that satisfies Iraqi standards requirements for wastewater reuse or discharge to water resources
In this work, the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket “UASB” reactor treated effluent wastewater to investigate the process performance on a pilot plant scale. Municipal wastewater at high and medium strength with different organic load rate OLR (0.6-9) kg COD m-3day-1 with the flow of 20 l/h, up-flow velocity 0.4 m/h, hydraulic retention time HRT 9 h at a temperature of (20-30 ºC) was evaluated. The wastewater concentration, including TSS, COD was measured, and the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid TSS were calculated and summarized as 45-85% and 70-75%, respectively, depending on organic load rate OLR. Effluent volatile fatty acids VFA was measured, and the results were in the range between 12-90 mg/L depending on OLR with a slight change in pH (8.3-8.4), which means the conversion of COD to methane and increase ammonia concentration.
A Three-chambers MDC was made using three identical cubical plexi-glass sections. Each chamber has an effective volume of 35 cm3. An anion exchange membrane (AEM) was used to separate the anode from the desalination chambers while a cation exchange membrane (CEM) was used to separate the cathode from the desalination chambers. Two graphite sheets were used as anode and cathode electrodes. Biotic experiments have included aircathode MDC fed with synthetic municipal wastewater, Bio-cathode MDC in which the cathode chamber was inoculated with microalgae as an oxygen source and air-cathode MDC was fed with floated oil layer in the anode chamber as an organic source. Maximum power density obtained from the MDC was 121 mW/m2. The corresponding current density was 410 mA/m2. Maximum power density obtained in this study was in consistency with that presented in previous studies. Maximum coulombic efficiency and charge efficiency achieved were 9% and 165% respectively. The results of this study confirmed the validity of using MDC technology to treat municipal wastewater as well as oil, desalinate brackish water and generate electric power simultaneously. Moreover, the results revealed the possibility of using mixed culture algae, available in the Iraqi environment, in the cathode chamber as an oxygen source to develop more energy efficient MDC. Further study deals with different system configurations and different operating conditions are needed.
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