The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of compensation, training and development and supervisor support on organizational commitment in the cellular service industry of Pakistan. A large number of factors influence commitment of an employee within an organization, but this study focused on common and visible parameters happening in one’s service life. A questionnaire was used to gather data. Responses to each item are rated using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Participants of the research included 126 employees of five cellular service providers of the country. Statistical information in several areas was examined. The results revealed positive pattern of relationships between compensation, training and development and supervisory support and organizational commitment.

Background: Despite being suitable for breast conservation surgery (BCS) a proportion of women choose mastectomy. This study aimed to assess the pre-operative pathological and geographic factors associated with choosing mastectomy rather than BCS in a single centre that serves a large geographical area encompassing urban, rural and remote island populations.Methods: A retrospective analysis of all patients suitable for BCS between January 2011 and December 2013 was undertaken. Pre-operative pathological features were compared using the Pearson chi squared test as was distance to the treatment centre from the patient's home. A questionnaire was sent to all those who chose mastectomy to identify the factors that influenced their decision. Patients choosing mastectomy were more likely to live remotely (P=0.051). Those patients who chose mastectomy felt this gave a better long-term outcome (18 patients, 44%) and peace of mind (14 patients, 34%).Conclusions: Adverse pre-operative pathological features were associated with patients choosing mastectomy rather than BCS. There was a trend for patients who chose mastectomy to live remotely from the treatment centre. Patients choosing mastectomy most commonly cited a better long-term outcome and peace of mind as the reason behind their decision. Understanding what influences a patient's surgical choice will allow clinicians and patients to engage in a fully informed pre-operative decision making process.

Introduction The early use of risk stratification scores is recommended for patients presenting with acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeds (ANVGIB). AIMS65 is a novel, recently derived scoring system, which has been proposed as an alternative to the more established Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS). Objective To validate the AIMS65 scoring system in a predominantly Caucasian population from Scotland and compare it with the GBS. Design Retrospective study of patients presenting to a district general hospital in Scotland with a suspected diagnosis of ANVGIB who underwent inpatient upper GI endoscopy between March 2008 and March 2013. Outcomes The primary outcome measure was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcome measures were requirement for endoscopic intervention, endoscopy refractory bleeding, blood transfusion, rebleeding and admission to high dependency unit (HDU) and intensive care unit (ICU). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated for each score. Results 328 patients were included. Of these 65.9% (n=216) were men and 34.1% (n=112) women. The mean age was 65.2 years and 30-day mortality 5.2%. AIMS65 was superior to the GBS in predicting mortality, with an AUROC of 0.87 versus 0.70 ( p<0.05). The GBS was superior for blood transfusion (AUROC 0.84 vs 0.62, p<0.05) and admission to HDU (AUROC 0.73 vs 0.62, p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the scores with respect to requirement for endoscopic intervention,

Emergency admissions have been defined as those that are not predicted and happen at short notice because of perceived clinical need. 1 Although far from a UK-only problem, in 2007–2008 approximately 65% of hospital beds in England were for emergencies (equivalent to 34 million bed days and 4.75 million emergency admissions). 2 The number of day-case procedures being performed in the UK is increasing steadily in keeping with government targets but unless readmission rates are addressed, this can only exacerbate the burgeoning emergency admission rate.

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