AimThis study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of pseudopregnancy in goats and to investigate potential risk factors associated with the condition in Khartoum State.Materials and MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2015 to February 2016. A total of 378 female goats which presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, for routine ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis were examined. Ultrasound scanning was performed using a real-time scanner equipped with dual-frequency (3.5-5 MHz) curvilinear transducer.ResultsThe results showed that the prevalence of pseudopregnancy in goats in Khartoum State was 10.6%. Risk factors such as general body condition (χ2=5.974; p=0.05), age (χ2=11.760; p=0.0129), type of estrus (χ2=12.794; p=0.000), and previous reproductive performance (χ2=13.397; p=0.020) showed significant association (p≤0.05) with the occurrence of pseudopregnancy in the univariate analysis. Breed (χ2=12.627; p=0.082), milk yield (χ2=5.951; p=0.114), type of feeding (χ2=1.721; p=0.190), season (χ2=2.661; p=0.264), locality (χ2=7.66; p=0.264), parity number (χ2=0.451; p=0.767), and rearing system (χ2=1.593; p=0.451) were not significantly associated with pseudopregnancy.ConclusionThe prevalence of pseudopregnancy in goats in Khartoum State was 10.6%. Pseudopregnancy in goats is significantly associated with age, type of estrus, general body condition, and previous reproductive performance. This study showed for the first time that pseudopregnancy is a real reproductive problem in goats in Khartoum State.
Thirteen Saanen and Saanen crossbred female goats, between the ages of 6 months and 7, years were presented to the clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, for sonographic pregnancy diagnosis. Transabdominal ultrasound was performed using 3.5 MHz probe which revealed non-viable fetuses as judged by absence of heart beats and movements. Twelve goats were given single i/m injection of PGF2α analogue and 5% oxytetracycline. Ten goats responded to the treatment and six of them became pregnant and gave birth within the normal gestational period. One goat was diagnosed as non-pregnant, one goat developed hydrometra, and the subsequent fertility of two goats was unknown. Two full-term goats did not respond to treatment. Another dose of PGF2α was administered to them and again they did not respond. Manual attempts were done to deliver the full-term goat with dilated cervix and they were unsuccessful. Cesarean section and hysterectomy were then performed for the three full-term goats with unfavorable outcome. It can be concluded that ultrasound is a rapid, reliable, and nonhazardous procedure for the diagnosis of fetal mortality in goats and PGF2α treatment in conjunction with oxytetracycline is an efficient treatment.
This study was performed using twenty dromedary she-camels, to compare the efficacy of different doses of cloprostenol in treatment of the persistently elevated progesteronemia in non-pregnant dromedary camel. The shecamels having persistently elevated progesteronemia were randomly and equally assigned to two groups during the breeding season. The first group received intramuscular injection of 0.75 mg cloprostenol (PG0.75 group). Second group was received intramuscular injection of 1.25 mg cloprostenol (PG1.25 group). Trans-rectal ultrasound examination and sexual receptivity assessment were performed for all on the day of the admission every 10 days (days 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40). Additionally, blood samples were collected on the day of the admission and every 10 days (days 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40) for measuring the progesterone level. Uterine swabs were collected from all camels for bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. The results revealed that all camels (100%) showed abstinence (erection and curving of her tail, raising head and refusing the male) at day 0 and day 10 with present of luteinized structure in ovaries (2.45±0.15 cm) and high serum progesterone levels (2.45±0.30 and 2.67±0.28 ng/mL) in PG0.75 and PG1.25 groups. The most isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (70%) followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (25%). While, Pasteurella pneumotropica and Brevundimonas diminuta was isolated only one time (5% for each one). Clostridium perfringens was isolated only two times (10%). Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were sensitive to gentamycin (100%). Pasteurella pneumotropica, Brevundimonas diminuta and Clostridium perfringens were sensitive to Ampicillin (100%). No camel was responded to first dose of cloprostenol treatment in both groups. Seventy percentages of camels in PG1.25 group were responded after second dose. While, 80% of camels in PG0.75 group were responded after third dose which significantly (p-value is 0.00729) higher than in PG1.25 group (20%). Some camels were not responded to three doses of cloprostenol treatment in PG0.75 group and PG1.25 group (20 and 10 %, respectively). The pregnancy rate was higher (p= 0.068) in PG1.25 group than PG0.75 group (60 and 20 %, respectively). In conclusion, one dose of intramuscular injection of 0.75 mg or 1.25 mg cloprostenol was inefficient for inducing lysis of luteinized structure and treating the persistently elevated progesteronemia. She-camels needed at least three doses of 0.75 mg cloprostenol or two doses of 1.25 mg cloprostenol to be recovered. The most isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus and both were highly sensitive to gentamycin. Further studies are needs to evaluate higher doses of cloprostenol for treatment of the persistently elevated progesteronemia.
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