This work presents a synthesis of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)-based esters to produce biolubricant oils through the esterification reaction between saturated palm fatty acid distillate (SFA PFAD) with different types of high degree polyhydric alcohols such as trimethylolpropane (TMP), di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP), pentaerythritol (PE) and di-pentaerythritol (Di-PE) in the presence of sulfuric acid as catalyst. The chemical structures of synthesized SFA PFAD-based esters were characterized and confirmed by using FTIR, NMR ( 1 H and 13 C) spectroscopies and GC-FID chromatography. The FTIR spectra of SFA PFAD-based ester products clearly showed the peaks of C=O and C-O of ester group at 1732-1740 cm −1 and at 1239-1162 cm −1 , respectively. Furthermore, 1 H NMR spectra confirmed the proton chemical shift (-CH2-O-) of the ester group at 3.80-4.01 ppm. The 13 C NMR spectra confirmed the carbon chemical shifts of ester carbonyl signals at 171.09-174.07 ppm and secondary carbons (CH2-C=O) at 40.57-42.44 ppm. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the esterification of SFA-TMP was 2 obtained at acid catalysts of 5 %, esterification time and temperature of 6 h and 150 °C 1 respectively. The results have shown the ester products yields have been significantly increased up to 93% with selectivity of 99 % SFA-TMP tri-ester after the optimization 3 process by using D-optimal design. The results for lubrication properties have shown that 4 the SFA PFAD-based esters have low-temperature properties with pour points value in 5 the range of 18-35°C, flash point (270-310°C), onset oxidative stability temperature (251-6 322°C) and viscosity indices (115-131), respectively. The results showed that the 7 presence of many esters functional groups in the molecule structure of SFA PFAD-based 8 esters provides a positive impact on the lubrication properties. Overall, the results 9 indicated that the SFA PFAD-based esters can be used as biolubricant base oils with pour point depressants. Keywords: Biolubricant, saturated palm fatty acid distillate, polyhydric alcohol, Doptimal design point, high viscosity index, good thermal stability, and low toxicity. Ester compounds 1 have been used in a range of commercial products such as biodiesel and other alternative 2 diesel fuels derived from plant oils or animal fats [2]. The lubrication properties of esters 3 depend upon the balance between the nonpolar hydrocarbon moiety and the polar ester 4 groups. The hydrocarbon chain length is reflected in the increase of viscosity, viscosity 5 index, and flash point, while the pour point and oxidative stability temperature are affected 6 primarily by the existence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids [3]. The polarity of an 7 ester group plays an important and significant effect on the material vapor pressure, 8 lubricity, and solubility [4]. In comparison to mineral oils, many esters have a series of 9

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a widely used product due to its low cost being a by-product of (edible) palm oil manufacturing process. In this paper, the physical properties of palm fatty acid distilled (PFAD) produced in Malaysia will be discussed. The major physical properties obtained during this study are; the specific gravity at 28°C, moisture content, viscosity at 40°C, colour at 28°C, Pour point, Flash point and Oxidative stability values were 0.87±0.1g/ml, 0.63±0.1%, 96.35±0.1 cSt, 2R-20Y, 35±1ºC, 135±1ºC and 178±1ºC, respectively. A rather significant outcome is the great benefit of using PFAD for bio lubricant, which offers many positive characteristics, such us; it increases the viscosity, viscosity index, flash point and oxidative stability. Therefore PFAD has a good potential for biodiesel and bio lubricant industries.

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In this study, a charcoal base metallic composite electrode which is low in cost and effective to treat wastewater from landfill leachate by electrochemical oxidation technique has been fabricated. The charcoal base metallic composite electrode was prepared by mixing together a weighed portion of charcoal, graphite and metals powder in different composition percentage with PVC as a binder in 4 mL THF which act as a solvent. Metals used in the preparation of the electrodes are Ag, Al, Co, Cu and Ni. The results show that the mixture of commercially available charcoal, metals and PVC at a composition of 50:20:30 (w/w), known as C50M20PVC30 electrode give a good stability, low cost and high formation of hypochlorite ion. Hypochlorite ion has been produced linked to the presence of chloride ions, thus having capability to degrade chemical pollutants in wastewater.

Charcoal powders obtained from commercially available charcoal and the open burning of palm oil, rubber, coconut, and mangrove trees were used to fabricate composite electrodes in this study. A weight portion of charcoal powder, graphite, cobalt, and polyvinyl chloride (C-C G -Co-PVC) were mixed in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The fabricated composite electrodes were then used as working electrodes for the electrochemical treatment of landfill leachate samples. A variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM) was used to examine the appearance of the charcoal powder. The results showed that rubber tree charcoal powder is the best charcoal powder for fabricating the composite electrodes, as it has various pore sizes and more surface area available for adsorption and reaction. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was performed before and after electrolysis of the landfill leachate. The results revealed that the presence of voids on the electrode surface before and after electrolysis improved the electrochemical oxidation of the landfill leachate, and yielded removal percentages in colour, COD, NH 3 -N, and total P of not less than 80%, 91%, 73%, and 84%, respectively. Keywords: landfill leachate, charcoal powder, composite electrode, electrochemical method Abstrak Serbuk arang yang diperoleh dari arang komersil dan pembakaran terbuka batang-batang pokok kelapa sawit, pokok getah, pokok kelapa, dan pokok bakau telah digunakan untuk membina elektrod komposit berasaskan arang hasil gabungan serbuk arang, grafit, kobalt dan polivinil klorida (C-C G -Co-PVC) yang telah dicampurkan mengikut komposisi berat tertentu dalam pelarut tetrahidrofuran (THF). Elektrod komposit yang telah dibina kemudiannya digunakan sebagai elektrod kerja untuk merawat sampel air bahan larut lesap melalui kaedah elektrokimia. Mikroskop elektron imbasan tekanan boleh ubah (VPSEM) telah digunakan untuk mengkaji sifat fizikal serbuk arang. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa serbuk arang pokok getah merupakan serbuk arang terbaik untuk membina elektrod komposit dalam kajian ini kerana ia mempunyai banyak liang dan luas permukaan yang lebih tinggi untuk penjerapan dan tindak balas berlaku. Mikroskop imbasan elektron medan pancaran (FESEM) telah digunakan untuk memerhati permukaan elektrod yang telah disediakan sebelum dan selepas elektrolisis bahan larut lesap. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa terdapat kehadiran lohong pada permukaan elektrod sebelum dan selepas elektrolisis. Hal ini