Constant search for new drugs with antiviral properties often extends to products of natural origin. Lamiaceae is one of the most important herbal families, well known for various biological and medicinal effects of a variety of aromatic spices, including thyme, mint, oregano, basil, sage, savory, rosemary, self-heal, hyssop, lemon balm and many others. The paper provides a review of antiviral potential of previously mentioned plants which has been demonstrated so far, with special emphasis on anti-HIV properties. Relevant articles were compiled by searching plant names combined with keywords describing antiviral activity. The antiviral effect is direct, with prominent activity against enveloped viral species. Initial stages of the viral life cycle are the most affected, as these plants appear to be targeting mainly viral structures responsible for attachment to target cells. In case of HIV, there is some activity against key enzymes in the viral life cycle. Even in the case of drug resistance, there is an equal susceptibility to applied herbal preparations. Some in vivo experiments suggest that use of Lamiaceae representatives could help in prevention and treatment of some viral diseases. A possible reduction of side effects of diseases and conventional drug therapy are also some aspects worth further investigations.

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САЖЕТАКПрисуство Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) у пијаћим и површинским водама представља индикатор фекалне контамина-ције хуманог и животињског порекла. K. pneumoniae има способност да стекне и пренесе гене резистенције. Изолати из животне сре-дине могу представљати резервоар ових гена који се могу пренети и на друге бактеријске врсте. Циљ рада је изолација, идентификација и тестирање антибиотске осетљивости K. pneumoniae из пијаћих и површинских вода. Про-спективна студија (спроведена од 1. октобра до 31. децембра 2015. године) испитала је 1276 узорака воде. Узорци су обрађени мем-бран-филтерском методом. За идентифика-цију K. pneumoniae коришћени су стандардни биохемијски тестови. Осетљивост на анти-биотике је тестирана диск-дифузионом мето-дом. K. pneumoniae је пронађена у 2,98% (38/1276) узорака, oд којих су 42,11% (16/38) били узорци површинских, а 57,89% (22/38) узорци пијаће воде. Teстирани изолати су били резистентни на ампицилин, док рези- ABSTRACTPresence of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in drinking and surface water indicates fecal contamination of human or animal origin. K. pneumoniae has the ability to acquire and transfer resistance genes. Isolates found in the environment may represent a reservoir of these genes, which can be transmitted among different bacterial species. The aim of the study was identification and testing susceptibility of K. pneumoniae to antibiotics after isolation from drinking and surface water. Prospective study (conducted from October the 1 st 2015 to December the 31 st 2015) included 1276 samples of drinking and surface water. The samples were processed by membranefilter technique. Standard biochemical tests were used for identification of K. pneumoniae. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by diskdiffusion method. K. pneumoniae was found in 2.98% (38/1276) of samples, from both surface 42.11% (16/38) and drinking water 57.89% (22/38). Tested strains were resistant to ampicillin, but resistance to other antibiotics was not confirmed. K. pneumoniae could be found in drinking , која се описује као једна од најчешћих узрочника болничких и ванбол-ничких инфекција, јер се лако преноси кон-тактом и путем заражене хране и воде 4 . Ова бактерија има велику способност стицања и преноса гена резистенције 10,11 . Изолати који се нађу у животној средини, представљају резер-воар тих гена, који се даље могу преносити и на друге бактеријске врсте. Тиме се рези-стентни сојеви могу јавити, не само у болни-чким срединама, где су најчешћи услед се-лективног притиска насталог нерационалном употребом антибиотика, већ и у општој попу-лацији [10][11][12][13][14] . Лечење инфекција узрокованих ре-зистентним сојевима је све већи јавно-здрав-water despite the purification and chlorination. In our study strains isolated from drinking and surface water were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics, without any markers of acquired resistance.Дејан Добријевић, Aника Трудић, Владан Борчић, Maja Бекут 2 стенција на друге антибиотике није забеле

Rhodococcus equi is an opportunistic bacterium that commonly infects foals and immunocompromised patients. Due to the large economic lossesthat it can cause in the fi eld of horse breeding, the microorganism has been studied in details, including its immunological aspect. Within the humoral immunity, the most important immunoglobulins are those of the class G (IgG), produced as a response to the surface antigen associated with virulence (virulence associated protein A, VapA). IgG antibodies provide resistance to pneumonia in foals and have a dose dependent protective effect. In addition to them, the protective role of plasma is achieved through various cytokines. Cellular mechanisms are important for killing bacteria within the macrophage. Virulent strains which carry a plasmid with the gene for VapA stimulate the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), a key cytokine to kill these bacteria. Th e presence of IFN-γ is crucial for the removal of microorganisms from the lungs and prevention of formation of pulmonary granulomas. For the complete removal of bacteria cooperation of the humoral and cellular immunity is necessary. Particularly signifi cant is opsonization, which increases phagolysosomal fusion. Vaccination and application of hyperimmune plasma play a vital role in the treatment of disease. Only alive and virulent bacterium is capable of producing protective immunity in horses. Th e use of hyperimmune plasma in foals results in a lower percentage of sick animals and less severe clinical progression of the disease. Further research is needed in order to create a safe and effective vaccine.

Background: Multiple resistances to antibiotics are an emergent problem worldwide. Scientists intensively search for new substances with the antimicrobial potential or the mode to restore the activity of old-generation antibiotics. Ampicillin is the antibiotic with the expanded range of antimicrobial activity, but its use has decreased due to the poor absorption and highly developed resistance. In vivo studies showed that ampicillin has better absorption and bioavailability if combined with bile acid salts. The aim of this study was to examine antimicrobial effects of ampicillin alone and its combination with semisynthetic monoketocholic acid salt (MKH) in vitro.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, commercial preparation of ampicillin and sodium salt of 3α,7α-dihydroxy-12oxo-5β-cholanate were used. Their effects were evaluated on Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium), obtained from urine specimens of dogs with clinically manifested cystitis. The first two investigated strains were ampicillin-sensitive, while E. faecium was resistant to ampicillin. Modified macrodilution method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Guidelines (M7-A8) was performed. Bacterial suspension equivalent to 0.5 McFarland was prepared in saline, compared to the standard (Biomerieux) ad oculi. The density was checked spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 625 nm and adjusted if necessary to the desired absorbance from 0.08 to 0.1. The resultant suspension was diluted 1:100 and inoculated in test tubes. Number of bacteria was counted on Petri plates using dilutions from 10-3 to 10-7 in order to obtain valid and countable plates. One hundred microliters of appropriate dilutions were aseptically plated in triplicate onto nutrient agar. Plates were incubated on 37°C for 72 h, under aerobic conditions. The number of colony forming units (CFU) was determined by direct counting. As a valid for enumeration, we took plates with 30 to 300 CFU. Percentage of killed bacteria for ampicillin was from 69.33-95.19% for E. coli, 87.1296.92% for E. faecalis and 7.20-33.30% for E. faecium. Ampicillin applied in the combination with MKH killed 99.99% to 100% of E. coli, 94.59% to 99.91% of E. faecalis and 31.73% to 64.76% of E. faecium. Mean percentage of killed bacteria for ampicillin was 81.93% for E. coli, 91.64% for E. faecalis, and 18.13% for E. faecium, while in combination with MKH percentage was 99.96% for E. coli, 98.23% for E. faecalis and 47.54% for E. faecium.Discussion: Results are presented as pharmacological minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Ampicillin was applied at the concentration higher than the therapeutic one, which could explain high MIC values for E. coli and E. faecalis. The combination of ampicillin with MKH showed the best improvement of antimicrobial effect on E. faecium (Δ = 29.41%), isolate that was resistant to ampicillin when applied alone. In all the investigated isolates, the combinations with MKH were more effective than ampicillin administered alone. It seems that MKH demonstrates a synergistic antimicrobial activity with ampicillin in vitro, which considerably decreases MIC values for all investigated isolates. These results implicate that MKH could restore the previous activity of ampicillin against some bacteria, which could be a significant benefit for clinical practice.