2019. Effect of carbapenem resistance on outcomes of bloodstream infection caused by Enterobacteriaceae in lowincome and middle-income countries (PANORAMA): a multinational prospective cohort study. Lancet Infectious Diseases 19 (6) , pp.

The global spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria has led to the return of colistin for treating severe infections. Recently, different plasmid-mediated genes conferring resistance to this drug were described and reported worldwide. International committees (EUCAST/CLSI) reevaluated inconsistencies surrounding colistin antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), concluding that broth microdilution (BMD) should serve as the reference method for AST. The development of an accurate, reproducible commercial test based on BMD is therefore highly desirable. SensiTest Colistin (STC), a BMD-based compact 4-test panel containing the lyophilized antibiotic in 7 2-fold dilutions (0.25 to 16 μg/ml) was here compared with the EUCAST-CLSI standard reference method (BMD) and, for some isolates, with the automated Phoenix 100 system (PHX). A total of 353 bacterial strains were evaluated by two different laboratories; 137 isolates were resistant to colistin (19 were intrinsically resistant, 83 harbored the gene). Essential agreement (EA) between STC and BMD was obtained for 339 out of the 353 strains tested (96.0%). Overall categorical agreement was obtained for 349 out of the 353 strains analyzed (98.9%). Two major errors (MEs; 0.93%) and two very major errors (VMEs; 1.46%) were documented. STC appeared to be a simple but highly reliable test with good reproducibility even with panels stored at room temperature or at 35°C. Moreover, STC showed a good performance with strains carrying the gene, with a 98.8% EA. As the secondary endpoint of our study, VMEs for PHX were documented for 6 isolates (10%).

Introduction Fenofibrate is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), that possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-thrombotic properties. Fenofibrate is effective against a variety of viral infections and different inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the aim of critical review was to overview the potential role of fenofibrate in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and related complications. Results By destabilizing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and preventing it from binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, fenofibrate can reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry in human cells Fenofibrate also suppresses inflammatory signaling pathways, which decreases SARS-CoV-2 infection-related inflammatory alterations. In conclusion, fenofibrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic capabilities may help to minimize the inflammatory and thrombotic consequences associated with SARSCoV-2 infection. Through attenuating the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2, fenofibrate can directly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions As a result, fenofibrate could be a potential treatment approach for COVID-19 control.