Sleeplessness, a universal condition with diverse causes, may be increasingly diagnosed and treated (or medicalized) as insomnia. We examined the trend in sleeplessness complaints, diagnoses, and prescriptions of sedative hypnotics in physician office visits from 1993 to 2007. Consistent with the medicalization hypothesis, sleeplessness complaints and insomnia diagnoses increased over time and were far outpaced by prescriptions for sedative hypnotics. Insomnia may be a public health concern, but potential overtreatment with marginally effective, expensive medications with nontrivial side effects raises definite population health concerns.

Background Public willingness to donate tissue samples is critical to genetic research. Prior work has linked minority status and mistrust with less willingness to provide specimens. Some have suggested recruitment of prior research participants to address these barriers. We present data from a genetic epidemiology study with a request for blood and/or saliva specimens to: 1) measure willingness to donate tissue/blood samples, 2) identify demographic, trust, and other factors associated with willingness to donate samples, and 3) measure willingness to participate in future genetic research. Methods We surveyed participants in the North Carolina Colorectal Cancer Study (NCCCS), which included biologic sample collection from consenting participants. Participants were later asked about sample provision; trust in researchers, and future research participation. Results African Americans were less likely to give a blood sample when compared to whites (21% vs. 13%, p<0.05). After controlling for “trust,” this difference was no longer statistically significant (17% vs. 13%, p=0.27). Those who had given samples were more likely to express willingness to participate in future research. Conclusion Despite prior participation in a genetic epidemiology study, factors associated with provision of tissue samples reflected many previously identified demographic factors (race, trust). Interventions to improve and demonstrate the trustworthiness of the research team as well as recruitment of subjects with a record of sample donation might enhance future study participation.

Max Weber's fragmentary writings on social status suggest that differentiation on this basis should disappear as capitalism develops. However, many of Weber's examples of status refer to the United States, which Weber held to be the epitome of capitalist development. Weber hints at a second form of status, one generated by capitalism, which might reconcile this contradiction, and later theorists emphasize the continuing importance of status hierarchies. This article argues that such theories have missed one of the most important forms of contemporary status: celebrity. Celebrity is an omnipresent feature of contemporary society, blazing lasting impressions in the memories of all who cross its path. In keeping with Weber's conception of status, celebrity has come to dominate status "honor," generate enormous economic benefits, and lay claim to certain legal privileges. Compared with other types of status, however, celebrity is status on speed. It confers honor in days, not generations; it decays over time, rather than accumulating; and it demands a constant supply of new recruits, rather than erecting barriers to entry.

Context: Globally, governments have introduced a variety of public health measures including restrictions and reducing face-to-face contact, to control the spread of COVID-19. This has implications for mental health services in terms of support and treatment for vulnerable groups such as people with pre-existent mental health conditions. However, there is limited evidence of the impact of COVID-19 and its related restrictions on people with pre-existent mental health conditions. Objectives: To identify the impact of COVID-19 and its related restrictions on people with pre-existent mental health conditions. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was employed. Eight electronic databases (PsycINFO, Cochrane, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Academic Search Complete) were searched and 2566 papers identified. 30 papers met the criteria for this review and findings were summarised under three key review questions. Results: COVID-19 and its related restrictions have had a notable effect on people with pre-existent mental health conditions. Public health restrictions have contributed to increased levels of social isolation, loneliness, and reduced opportunities for people to connect with others. Reduced access to health services and treatments has compounded matters for those seeking support. Exacerbation and deterioration of symptoms are commonly reported and can lead to greater susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. Implications: The importance of proactive planning, alternative accessible healthcare services and supports for vulnerable and at-risk groups is illuminated. Increased monitoring, early intervention and individually tailored care strategies are advocated. Recommendations revolve around the need for enhanced provision of remote support strategies facilitated using technology enhanced resources.

It is recommended that the possibility of an autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap syndrome responsive to immunosuppressive therapy should be considered in any patient presenting with a hepatitic illness with hyperglobulinemia, antinuclear or smooth muscle autoantibodies, and biliary changes on liver biopsy. Cholangiography should be considered in such patients.

Purpose: Recruitment of prior participants in genetic research is one strategy suggested to maximize efficient use of research dollars in gene-environment studies. We explored attitudes toward genetic research participation among people in a case-control genetic epidemiology study of colon cancer, the North Carolina Colorectal Cancer Study (NCCCS). Methods: Quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional analysis of 801 NCCCS participants.Results: Participants were "very positive" (63%) or "positive" (32%) about genetic research, and "very likely" (49%) or "somewhat likely" (40%) to participate in future genetic research. Variables significantly associated with feeling "very positive" were white race, more education, nonreligious, hearing "a lot" about genetic research, and two measures of trust in medical research. Except for race and education, the same variables were significantly associated with being "very likely" to participate in future studies. Qualitatively, "good things" for self and family included discovering causes and cures for cancer, and the value of genetic information. Many could not list "bad things"; those who did mentioned anxiety, "knowing too much," losing confidentiality, or abuse of information.

Scholarly and lay publications have highlighted increasing online misogyny. We review the dominant, cross-disciplinary analyses and conceptualizations of cisnormative, heterosexist, misogynistic discourses. From feminist media /journal/soc4 1 of 12 her personal website. Other examples of "online hate culture" included a New York Times editor being flooded with anti-Semitic Tweets, and Reddit boards devoted to beating women and denigrating photos of fat women (Stein, 2016).The culture's major culprit, according to author Joel Stein? Trolls. Stein (2016) asserts that, "Trolls are turning social media and comment boards into a giant locker room in a teen movie, with towel-snapping racial epithets and misogyny." Troll expert Whitney Philips writes that trolls aim "to disrupt and upset as many people as possible, using whatever linguistic or behavioral tools are available" (2015, p. 3). Beneath these vaguely gendered statements, we suggest, lies a larger truth: Internet trolls, regardless of in-person gender, are performing virtual manhood acts. Virtual manhood acts, as defined by Moloney and Love (2017), use technologically facilitated textual and visual cues to signal a masculine self in online social spaces, enforce hegemonic sexuality and gender norms, oppress women, and keep men "in the box." The performance of manhood in online social spaces allows the actor to claim the pinnacle of power in our patriarchal society.In this paper, we first offer a brief primer on key, interlocking constructs that form the foundation of this review.We then assess understandings of online misogyny within feminist media scholarship. Next, we explore the sociological perspective and suggest that "virtual manhood acts," a nascent sociological concept, offers perhaps the most useful lens with which to analyze misogyny in virtual social spaces. Reviewing conceptualizations from multiple social scientific literatures allows us to recognize that online misogyny is an important and growing social problem rooted not in women's inherent vulnerability, but in problematic manhood practices that replicate hegemonic hierarchies.

ObjectivesPeople with intellectual disability are vulnerable in terms of health service provision due to increased comorbidity, higher dependency and cognitive impairment. This review explored the literature to ascertain what reasonable adjustments are evident in acute care to support people with intellectual disability, ensuring they have fair access and utilisation of health services.DesignScoping review.SettingAcute care settings.MethodsFive databases were systematically searched to identify studies that reported on the implementation of reasonable adjustments. Authors worked in pairs to screen studies for inclusion, data were extracted and charted and findings were synthesised according to content and themes.ResultsOf the 7770 records identified, six studies were included in the review. The volume of evidence was influenced by specific inclusion criteria, and only papers that reported on the actual implementation of a reasonable adjustment within an acute care setting were included. Many papers reported on the concept of reasonable adjustment; however, few identified its applications in practice.ConclusionsThe scoping review highlights a lack of research on the practice and implementation of reasonable adjustments within acute care settings. There is a need for increased support, education and the provision of intellectual disability specialists across acute care settings.