Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.
This article considers how changes in Latin American countries’ age structures may affect their long-term economic performance through the impact on labor supply, dependency ratios, and productivity. It analyzes fourteen Latin American countries using population projections for 2015–2050 and considering three scenarios. The basic scenario assumes constant sex- and age-specific behavior concerning employment, while the other two scenarios imply increases in female activity rates and significant human capital accumulation. The results illustrate the heterogeneity of Latin American countries. In some of them, major productivity increases can only be achieved through substantial changes in the incorporation of women into the labor market, and especially in the educational level of the population as a whole. However, in most of the region’s countries, the demographic factor is still favorable and there is scope to exploit the demographic dividend.
ResumenEn este artículo se presenta una discusión, desde diferentes miradas, sobre cómo ha evolucionado la desigualdad de los ingresos. Se considera la desigualdad global del ingreso sobre la base de múltiples evidencias recientes, que señalan una relativa estabilidad del elevado nivel de desigualdad. Los principales cambios surgen de los movimientos de China y la India. En los países desarrollados, la tendencia ha sido hacia mayores niveles de desigualdad en los últimos tres decenios. También ha sido así en los países en desarrollo, con la excepción de América Latina en el último decenio. Esta región se analiza en detalle; en términos globales, los ingresos se volvieron más igualitarios entre 2002 y 2014, debido fundamentalmente a la caída de la desigualdad dentro de los países. La desigualdad se ha reducido en la mayoría de ellos, aunque las últimas mediciones dan indicios de una detención en este proceso de descenso.
Palabas claveCrecimiento económico, ingresos, distribución del ingreso, igualdad, medición, países desarrollados, países en desarrollo
This article presents a multi-perspective discussion of trends in income inequality. Recent evidence from many sources shows that global income inequality is high and relatively stable, with the main changes being driven by developments in China and India. In developed countries, the trend has been towards higher levels of inequality over the last thirty years; and this has also been true of developing countries in the past decade, with the exception of Latin America, which is analysed here in detail. In the region, income became less unevenly distributed between 2002 and 2014, mainly because inequality within countries declined in most cases; but the latest measurements suggest that this trend is faltering.
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