Objective: To determine the recognition level of the consequences of missing teeth in Pakistani adults. Study Design: Cross-Sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2019. Methodology: A well-structured and validated questionnaire filled by 652 partially dentate patients was included in the study. Results: Despite having some education, the individuals showed poor knowledge of the consequences of missing teeth. Only 184 (28.2%) and 221 (33.9%) were aware of supra-eruption and drifting, respectively. 330 (50.6%) and 269 (41.3%) were unaware of the temporomandibular joint problems and speech difficulties. However, the majority were aware of masticatory problems, 562 (86.2%) and 460 (70.6%) self-confidence issues. There was no significant association (r=-0.70, p=0.7) and (0.03, p=0.9) between gender with number and aetiology of missing teeth. At the same time, a moderate relationship (rho=0.7) with no significant difference (p=0.08) was found between gender and knowledge of consequences. A negative relationship (r -0.12)with a significant difference (p<0.02) was found between education level and aetiology. Moreover, no significant association was found (rho -0.03, p=0.3) and (-0.06, p=0.6) between education level with number and knowledge about the consequences of missing teeth. Conclusion: The knowledge and understanding of the general population on matters that are so important and relevant in the long run to each individual’s Oral Health-Related Quality of Life are of special concern. Therefore, it is essential for dentists and other health care providers to educate and remember the importance of knowing the inevitable consequences of.....
Purpose: To investigate the histopathological and cardiac depressant effect of the aqueous methanol extract of Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Br (AMECT) (family: Asclepiadaceae)’ and to determine if there is a scientific basis for its cardiovascular diseases-related folkloric use. Methods: The effect of AMECT in different concentrations ranging from 0.00001 to 1.0 mg/mL were evaluated in isolated perfused rabbit heart to assess their effect on the force of contraction and heart rate using Langendorff’s apparatus. Atropine and adrenaline were used to identify the underlying mechanism of response produced by AMECT. The extract was studied for its possible mechanism in the absence and presence of atropine and adrenaline. In addition, sub-chronic toxicity and histopathological study of heart tissues in rats were assessed by administering 500 mg/kg of extract. Results: At all concentrations, AMECT produced significant (p < 0.001) negative ionotropic and negative chronotropic effects. The most significant effect was observed at 0.001 mg/mL and higher concentrations hence 0.001 mg/mL was selected for further studies. Pre-incubation with atropine did not significantly inhibit the effects of AMECT. However, AMECT significantly (p < 0.01) blocked the cardiac stimulant effect of adrenaline. In the histopathological studies, AMECT did not produce any significant cellular changes or signs of toxicity in the sub-chronic toxicity study. Conclusion: The cardiac-depressant responses of AMECT may involve the β-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium of isolated rabbit heart thus confirming the rationale for its use in ethnomedicine for cardiac diseases.
SARS-CoV-2 belongs to well-known SARS Coronaviridae family. One of the main structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 is the spike protein that is present around the surface of a viral cell and plays an essential role in viral attachment, fusion and invasion in host cell. Once a virus invades a cell, it replicates and infects other cells. The fundamental role of spike protein in the progression of viral infection has led to an increased interest in exploring agents that target the viral spike protein for effective control of CoVID-19. The related data from published articles reviewed and numerous phytochemicals that reportedly target the spike proteins of coronaviruses by computational studies briefly discussed. These active constituents possess the potential to develop as therapeutic and antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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