Lead (Pb) is a toxic environmental heavy metal that induces serious clinical defect on all organs with the nervous system being the primary target. Curcumin is the main active constituent of turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study is aimed at evaluating the therapeutic potentials of curcumin on Pb-induced neurotoxicity. Thirty six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into five (5) groups with 12 rats in the control (normal saline) and 6 rats for the lead treated group (LTG) (50 mg/kg lead acetate for 4 weeks), recovery group (RC) (50 mg/kg lead acetate for 4 weeks), treatment group 1 (Cur100) (50 mg/kg lead acetate for 4 weeks, followed by 100 mg/kg curcumin for 4 weeks) and treatment group 2 (Cur200) (50 mg/kg lead acetate for 4 weeks, followed by 200 mg/kg curcumin for 4 weeks) groups each. All experimental groups received the oral treatments through orogastric-tube on alternate days. Motor function was assessed using horizontal bar method while Pb concentration in the cerebellum of the rats were evaluated using ICP-MS techniques. Pb-administered rats showed significant decrease in motor scores, SOD activity with increase MDA levels and Pb concentration in their cerebellum with marked alterations in the histological architecture of the cerebellar cortex layers. However, treatment with curcumin improved the motor score, reduced Pb concentration in the cerebellum and ameliorates the markers of oxidative stress as well as restored the histological architecture of the cerebellum. The results this in study suggested that curcumin attenuates Pb-induced neurotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress and chelating activity.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the gross osteomorphometric, radiographic and histological developmental changes of long bones of the hind limb in prenatal Sokoto Red goat. Thirty accidental wasted fetuses from Sokoto metropolitan abattoir were collected and used for the study. They were grouped into three stages; first trimester: (1-51 days), second trimester (52-102 days) and third trimester (103-153 days). After fetal dissection, gross osteomorphometric measurements comprising bone length, mid diaphysial circumference, breadth of proximal and distal ends, were done on the long bones of the hind limb using a metre rule from each trimester.They were then exposed to radiographic beam using Power mobile X-ray machine (YSX100VET, China). Thereafter the bones were used for routine histology using Hematoxylin-Eosin stain (H&E). The results revealed that the gross osteometric parameters measured increased significantly (P<0.0001) with age. The ossification and mineralization began at the second trimester and continued throughout the stages as determined using X-rays and confirmed by histological investigations. It was concluded that, there was direct proportionality between development of long bones of the hind limb in Sokoto Red goat and their gestational ages. Also, ossification and mineralization started at second trimesters in long bones of the hind limb in the prenatal Red Sokoto goat
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