Plant yield is strongly influenced by the amount of water used by it. In this sense, yield response factor (Ky) allows evaluating the decrease in yield as a function of the evapotranspiration that occurs, which may be an important tool for harvest forecasting. Therefore, this study aimed to determine Ky for winter corn crop grown in the region of Dourados, MS, Brazil. The yield function analysis based on the water factor, which requires actual (Ya) and maximum (Ym) yield data, as well as actual (ETa) and maximum (ETm) evapotranspiration, was used to adjust Ky. Ym was assumed to be 8,820 kg ha −1 , while Ya was obtained for each season from the database SIDRA from IBGE. ETm and ETa were estimated by sequential daily water balance, considering four different sowing dates (all in the off-season). In total, seasons from 2001 to 2013 were analyzed. The high Ky value obtained (1.22) for winter corn crop showed its high sensitivity to water deficit. Its yield is strongly influenced by water availability so that for every 1% reduction in evapotranspiration, there is a 1.22% yield reduction.
Net radiation (Rn) of reference surface is important information that has many applications, but its measurement is rare due to the high cost of the sensor and the complexity involved on the measurement. Therefore, estimate Rn from another variable is desirable, as from solar radiation (Rs); however, standard methods used are complex, making interesting the use of simplified methodologies. Considering these aspects, the present study aimed to set two empirical methods to estimate Rn from Rs for Dourados region, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. One method was based on mathematical modeling (Gauss Method). The other one was a more simplified and practical approach (Practical Method) comprising the determination of fixed monthly conversion factors. It was used daily Rs data of a 12-years database. With these, there were estimated Rn values by the standard method recommended by FAO. Gauss Method was set using Table Curve 2D 5.01 software. Modeling consisted in defining the values of the equation parameters. On Practical Method, we developed monthly coefficients of the ratio Rn/Rs. In order to validate both methods it was measured Rs and Rn during two years using high precision sensors. Both estimating methods showed satisfactory results, with relative mean absolute error values lower than 5.8%.
RESUMOA vinhaça gerada na produção do etanol apresenta em sua composição água, matéria orgânica e elementos químicos que são importantes, tanto para a fertilidade do solo, quanto para o desenvolvimento das plantas, tornando este resíduo de grande importância para reuso como fonte de água e fertilizante na agricultura. Por não apresentar contaminação de agentes patogênicos, pode ser aplicado sobre a rebrota de pastagens de pastoreio, visando aumentar seu vigor e a produção de matéria seca. O experimento foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes na parte aérea durante um ciclo de produção do capim Aruana, cultivado em um Latossolo vermelho distrófico, fertirrigado com vinhaça. Os tratamentos com vinhaça foram definidos ao longo do raio molhado de um aspersor com lâminas totais de 0, 10, 30, 38, 76 e 110 mm. A vinhaça foi aplicada durante os primeiros vinte e oito dias sobre o capim, que apresentou um ciclo de 70 dias, quando este foi cortado. Observou-se que o capim Aruana obteve uma produção máxima de 8,00 mg ha -1 para uma lâmina ótima de 44,38 mm. A aplicação de vinhaça aumentou a quantidade de cálcio e potássio, não apresentando significância dos níveis de nitrogênio e magnésio e houve redução nos teores de fósforo e enxofre acumulado na parte aérea da cultura. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acúmulo de nutrientes, matéria seca, reuso. THE EFFECT OF VINASSE APPLICATION ON ARUANA GRASS (PANICUM MAXIMUMJACQ. CV. ARUANA)ABSTRACT The vinasse from the production of ethanol for water in its composition, organic matter and chemicals that are important both for the fertility of the soil as well as for plant
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