Local scour is a complex phenomenon consisting of three-dimensional flow structures that often develop around piers and abutments founded in movable river beds. Major damage occurs to bridges during flood, mainly because of scour at bridge foundation, particularly the piers and abutments. In Vietnam, every year there are many serious damages to bridges caused involving local scour. In this article some modern countermeasures against local scour at bridge piers from National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project were considered, including riprap, articulating concrete blocks, gabion mattresses, rigid and flexible grout filled mattresses. The applicability of each method to bridge structures in Vietnamese conditions was also presented in detail. The results of analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of erosion control above show that the riprap method is quite suitable in the conditions of Vietnam.
Changes in the socio-economic context and scientific and technological advances since the second half of the 20th century have fundamentally changed the educational context and environment. In that context, there have been many changes in teacher training approaches, models and programs in countries around the world. Following the UNESCO Recommendation (1966) on the Status of Teachers, which considers teaching to be a profession, the movement to professionalizion of teaching and to teacher training has taken place in many countries. Until the beginning of the 21st century, many OECD countries have introduced competency requirements to equip teachers and made changes in teacher training. Based on the literature review, the article analyzes and clarifies requirements for teachers and teacher training in OECD countries
"Improving the quality of research staff and education specialists" is one of the tasks and solutions for education and training development. It is important to train qualified researchers and educators to meet international standards. Based on comparing the curriculum of the bachelor degree in educational studiesin our country with the the curriculum in Hiroshima University - Japan, the article clarifies the basis for building curiculum ofBA in educational studies in our country.
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