In the process of society, high-density livestock farms have developed rapidly to satisfy the increasing demand for meat products. Excessive wastewater from the livestock farms accordingly brought multiple pollution and deteriorate the environment, with the wastewater containing abundant chemical energy regarded as futility. Furthermore, the ingredients of wastewater varied from distinct livestock farms as a result of different animal feeding habits. Consequently, it is a necessity for specific wastewater treatment applied to a certain farm to control various pollution incidents while effectively recovering the potential chemical energy in wastewater. Microbial fuel cell, a device that converts chemical energy in the organic matter directly into electrical energy by a microorganism, is expected to be integrated with the existing wastewater treatment systems to make up for the shortcomings of existing technologies, improve the treatment efficiency and energy recovery rate. Therefore, it is a predictable trend for the microbial fuel cell to be combined with the traditional farm wastewater treatment system. This article demonstrates two traditional manure treatment methods: composting and biogas fermentation, followed by an evaluation of four advanced wastewater treatment technologies merged with microbial fuel cell. It is concluded that incorporating microbial fuel cells with separate wastewater treatment system will be a consequential sustainable development strategy in the future, with the purpose of fecal water treatment and energy recovery efficiently achieved.
Online shopping requires online consumers to make purchase decisions without actually experiencing the product, thus leading to a large number of return issues that have a negative impact on both consumers and online merchants. For the sake of the healthy development of the e-commerce industry, online merchants and e-commerce platforms are constantly implementing new, more consumer-friendly return policies to attract consumers and increase their willingness to buy. Integrated returns are a way for consumers to return goods by simply applying for a return in the background of the website, and the e-commerce platform will arrange for a courier to pick up the goods on its own initiative. Obviously what kind of impact the integrated return service will have on consumers is a direction worth studying.
Seaweed polysaccharides (SPS) as emerging potential resources for health-promoting effects have been intensively studied. However, to apply SPS as health functional materials, it is essential to apply a suitable purification process that enables removing the heavy metals contained in seaweeds. This study aimed to optimize the extraction methods for isolating polysaccharides by eliminating heavy metal contents and maximizing the extraction yield. Three types of seaweeds were subjected to extraction: Hizikia fusiforme (HF), Laminaria japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll. The intermediate products of the extraction process before and after dialysis were named crude polysaccharide (CP) and purified polysaccharide (PP), respectively. Dialysis effectively removed the heavy metals from the CP, whereas the yield of PP was significantly decreased compared to yields obtained in CP. Modification of the extraction procedure by combining boiling and washing steps successfully eliminated the heavy metals and maintained an appropriate yield of SPS. Among the three SPS obtained, the total polyphenol contents of CP and PP were comparable, with the highest polyphenol contents detected in the HF-derived polysaccharides. The antioxidant activities of all three SPS determined by ABTS radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were also in agreement. In addition, the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the SPS was found to be the highest in the HFCP and HFPP extracts. Taken together, this comparative analysis between CP and PP of three kinds of SPS demonstrates that CP obtained by the modified extraction method can be utilized as a safe ingredient for future animal studies.
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