Introduction: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is considered one of the potent drugs that are used extensively in organ transplant and oncology patients. It is also used in autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, its use is accompanied with several hazards; one of these is testicular toxicity. Nacetylecysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant found to reduce CsA toxicity. Aim of the work: The study aims to determine the toxic effect of exposure to cyclosporine on the testis and to investigate the protective role of NAC. Methods: The study conducted on 50 adult male albino rats for 4 weeks divided into 5 groups, group A the negative control group, group B the olive oil group (0.5 ml/d orally), group C the cyclosporine group (25mg/kg/d orally), group D the NAC group (600mg/kg/d orally) and group E the cyclosporine+NAC group. At the end of the study the evaluation was achieved by biochemical analysis and histopathology. Results: Cyclosporine significantly affects the testis morphologically and functionally. The morphological changes are in the form of degenerative changes in the tubules with dislocation of germ cells into the lumen and irregular outlines, Congestion of blood capillaries in the interstitial tissue, and functionally the cyclosporine cause significant decrease in serum testosterone level. While co-administration of NAC with cyclosporine attenuate these effects. Conclusion: Cyclosporine causes testicular injury through oxidative stress and NAC as an antioxidant attenuates but not fully protect against cyclosporine induced testicular toxicity.

Introduction: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is considered powerful immunosuppressive drug which has improved the quality of life and survival rate of transplant patients and also used in autoimmune diseases. However, its use is limited by many side effects mainly nephrotoxicity. NAC is an antioxidant found to reduce CsA toxicity. Aim of the work: The study aims to determine the effect of exposure to cyclosporine on the kidney and to investigate the protective role of NAC. Methods: the study conducted on 50 adult male albino rats for 4 weeks, divided into 5 groups, group A the negative control group, group B the olive oil group (0.5 ml/d orally), group C the cyclosporine group (25mg/kg/d orally), group D the NAC group (600mg/kg/d orally) and group E the cyclosporine+NAC group. At the end of the study the evaluation was done by biochemical analysis and histopathology. Results: cyclosporine significantly affects the kidney by morphological changes in the form of dilatation of urinary space with congestion and lobulation of glomerullar capillaries in the renal corpusle. Proximal convoluted tubules showed degeneration of their cells with irregularity and destruction of brush border. Degeneration of distal convoluted tubules with exfoliation of some cells inside the lumen and the peritubular capillaries were congested and extravasated. Also cyclosporine affects the kidney by increasing serum urea and creatinine levels, while coadministration of NAC with cyclosporine attenuate its effects. Conclusion: cyclosporine causes renal injury through oxidative stress and NAC as an antioxidant attenuates but not fully protect against cyclosporine induced injuries.

Introduction:In the last years poisoning by aluminium phosphide (AlP) became a common method of suicide with high mortality rates. Aim of the work: The study aimed to evaluate the characters and outcome of acute aluminum phosphide intoxicated cases at Sohag University Hospitals. Patients and methods: It is a cross sectional study conducted on acutely AlP intoxicated patients attended Sohag University Hospitals including a retrospective part from January 2020 to December 2021(23 case) and a prospective part from January 2022 to June 2022 (41 case). Demographic data, mode of poisoning, route of administration, amount taken, delay time, vital signs, degree of coma, ejection fraction, troponin I and creatinine levels and first aid measures were recorded then related them to the patient outcome. Results: the incidence of ALP toxicity increased every year, in 2020 was 10.9%, in 2021 (25%), while, in the first half of 2022 it was 64.1%. The mean age was 21.7± 10.65 with male predominance by 53.1%. There was a significant increase in percentage of survived patients decontaminated by paraffin oil (84.6%) compared to other methods (15.4%). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to assess predictors of mortality in acute ALP-poisoned patients. The accuracy rate of ejection fraction, poisoning severity score (PSS), dose, serum troponin I, systolic blood pressure, delay time, and HCO3 were 100%, 97.7%, 94.4%, 93.7%, 89.5%, 81.9%, and 80.1% respectively with excellent discrimination. Diastolic blood pressure (77.9%) and PH (75.2%) with acceptable discrimination. While, creatinine and GCS gave non-acceptable discrimination. Conclusion: the frequency of suicidal ingestion of ALP is increasing every year. Decontamination by paraffin oil and early presentation had a better prognosis. At admission assessment of ejection fraction, PSS, serum troponin and creatinine, blood pressure, ABG have a beneficial role as predictors of mortality and emergency intervention to cases with probable bad prognosis.

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