Node deployment is one of the fundamental issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which has not only a direct impact on the effectiveness of other operations, such as routing and data fusion, but also on the appropriateness of the provided coverage expected in many applications such as national security, surveillance, military, health care, and environmental monitoring. In mobile sensor networks, the resource-constrained move-assisted sensor nodes are used in an area to maximise the coverage within a reasonable time and energy cost. Recently, a family of algorithms, inspired by the equilibrium of molecules, have been proposed to address the coverage issue. However, these solutions lead to high energy cost and latency due to two major issues. First, almost all the nodes in the network try to move to a new position at each stage. Even worse, the decision made at each node on to which point to move at each stage is purely based on obsolete information, i.e. the current locations of moving neighbouring nodes. In this paper, we propose a new distributed algorithm, called SSND, to efficiently provide the maximum coverage for WSNs that use mobile nodes. SSND avoids to collectively, and blindly, move sensor nodes at each step but to apply an eligibility function to elect a few nodes to move using the valid information to obtain the maximum effect. Our extensive simulation study under various operational conditions shows not only a higher percentage of area coverage by SSND but with much lower power consumption and latency than those of the other protocols recently reported in the literature.
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have recently attracted much attention due to their ability to discover and monitor the aquatic environment. However, acoustic communication has posed some significant challenges, such as high propagation delay, low available bandwidth, and high bit error rate. Therefore, proposing a cross-layer protocol is of high importance to the field to integrate different communication functionalities (i.e, an interaction between data link layer and network layer) to interact in a more reliable and flexible manner to overcome the consequences of applying acoustic signals. In this paper, a novel Cross-Layer Mobile Data gathering (CLMD) scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is presented to improve the performance by providing the interaction between the MAC and routing layers. In CLMD, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is used to periodically visit a group of clusters which are responsible for data collection from members. The communications are managed by using a distributed cross-layer solution to enhance network performance in terms of packet delivery and energy saving. The cluster heads are replaced with other candidate members at the end of each operational phase to prolong the network lifetime. The effectiveness of CLMD is verified through an extensive simulation study which reveals the performance improvement in the energy-saving, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio with varying number of nodes. The effects of MAC protocols are also studied by studying the network performance under various MAC protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, goodput, and energy consumption with varying density of nodes.
The abstraction of the network node functions using virtualization methods introduced an innovative architecture called Network Function Virtualization (NFV). In NFV, every virtualization software hosts a network service recognized as a Virtual Network Function (VNF). In general, the network provider creates a Service Function Chain (SFC) for every sequence of multiple requested VNFs by the customers. Although NFV allows for a more flexible and economical approach, it is more prone to error and failure. Therefore, providing reliable provisioning for VNF chaining is one of the key issues in NFV. In this paper, we present a systematic literature review to study the pioneer research efforts that provide reliable provisioning for VNF chaining by guaranteeing the availability of the service and resource optimization. Our review is the result of the analysis of 21 screened papers. This paper presents the result of our analysis, including different aspects of a reliable provisioning algorithm, various adopted techniques for reliable provisioning, and the superiority and drawbacks of each algorithm based on the proposed criteria for the evaluation of the provisioning algorithms.
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