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Background: Warning systems are widely used as a safety option in cars. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the reactions of male and female drivers after receiving the warnings. Methods: A literature search was done using Science Direct, Scopus and PubMed databases. The included articles have been published in 2003-2018. Articles were first screened reviewing their titles in order to exclude nonrelevant articles. Then, the abstracts and full texts of the retained articles were reviewed. A manual search of journals was also performed. Results: Of 915 retrieved articles, 29 articles have been included in this review. In the included articles, 11 articles use forward collision warning (FCW) system, 6 articles use lane departure warning (LDW) system and 21 articles use other types of warning systems including intersection collision warning system, red light running collision warning, adaptive cruise control, etc. Most of the studies showed a significant difference between genders in the case of reaction-type variables. The variables that are significant in more studies are warning rate, crash rate and brake reaction time. Conclusion:Most of the included articles indicate that there are significant differences between male and female drivers after receiving warnings. This can be considered for customers to be more vigilant about choosing the appropriate warning system.

Background: Cell phone use while driving or walking is a big challenge in traffic safety, worldwide. The aim of this study was to systematically identify the effect of cell phone usage on traffic crashes. Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Sid, IranMedix, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Web of Knowledge. The included articles are published in 2001-2018. Besides searching in mentioned databases, hand searching was also done for identifying more related articles. After extracting related articles, they were assessed by using existing check lists. Results: Out of 1194 retrieved articles, 80 articles are included in this review. The included articles study different aspects of the cell phone usage effect on traffic safety, e.g. the effect of using cell phone on crash risk, crash severity, pedestrian crash, crash type, the effect of different cell phone use legislations on crash rates and fatalities in which different analytical methods (logistic regression, linear regression, structural equation modeling, econometric methods, etc.) have been used. The results of the studies in crash type show significant effects of cell phone usage on rear-end collisions, most of the studies in crash risk indicate higher collision risks for drivers who use cell phones and most of the studies on pedestrian crash show unsafe crossing behavior for cell phone users. Moreover, the results of hand held cell phone usage ban vary in the influence on traffic safety in different countries. Conclusion:Most of the included articles revealed that safety of drivers, cyclists and pedestrians on the road is undermined by cell phone usage. Therefore, efforts should be made on preventing distracted driving or walking which is one of the main contributors for road traffic injuries.

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Background: According to the report of World Health Organization (WHO), in 2017, about 20% of the traffic crash fatalities are pedestrians that increases to 50% in Iran. One of the major factors of pedestrians' crashes at night, is the invisibility of pedestrians at night due to their clothing color. Methods: In this study, a questionnaire of 25 questions has been designed. These questions were designed in four groups of the crash hazard experience at night, choosing visible clothing, the knowledge of choosing visible clothing and the supply of visible clothing at the living district. The content validity and Cronbachs α (alpha) were implemented for testing the validity and reliability of the study respectively. Results: The results showed that 3 questions had lower content validity which were rejected and also the content validity and Cronbachs α got the acceptable scores of 0.8 and 0.95, in respect. Conclusion:According to the used clothing in Iran, this study can reveal the insufficient supply of visible clothing, inadequate use of visible clothing in society and little knowledge of people in this field.

Background: dental pain is one of the most common complaints related to dentistry services. Studies indicate that in addition to the damage to the nerves of teeth, psychological factors affect the perception of pain. This study aims to investigate the psychological factors which influence precepting tooth pain. Moreover, another purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of some services such as tooth restoration and a root canal on the psychological variables. Methods: The research design was a cross-sectional study by convenience sampling method. The participants were 328 patients who consulted the dentistry clinics in Kermanshah city in 2020-20201. The used instruments for this study were the Questionnaires of Pain Anxiety (PASS-20), Dental Anxiety (DAI), Mental Pain (OMMP), and Pain Perception (SF-MPQ-2). Finally, the data after being collected were entered into SPSS version 24 and were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results: According to the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient, precepting pain had a significant relationship (P=.001) with dental anxiety (r=0.38), pain anxiety (r=0.45), and mental pain (r=0.25). Based on the results of simultaneous multiple regression analysis (Enter), dental anxiety variables (β =.266), pain anxiety (β =.356), and mental pain (β =.139) were the significant predictors of precepting pain (P<0.05). Moreover, in terms of dental anxiety, there was a significant difference between the patients who consult dentistry clinics for root canal services and those whose purposes were receiving other services (P<.001). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that psychological factors such as dental anxiety, pain anxiety, and mental pain affect precepting dental pain. Further, the kind of received services influences the psychological factors related to dentistry services.