Hydrogen is one of the environmentally friendly fuel, however hydrogen is not always available due to continuously increasing energy demand and fossil fuel availability become more limited. Gap between demand and supply is essential to find alternative fuels. Biodiesel could be a substituent for fossil fuels, especially for hydrogen. Biodiesel could be made by mixing vegetable oils or fats with fossil fuel with a ratio of (5-20) wt.% however in a long time effect of this mixture can damage the engine. To overcome the problem, biodiesel can be synthesized via transesterification of oil and alcohol with the aid of acid or base catalyst to produce glycerol and FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester). Challenges faced for the commercialization of biodiesel among others, (1) expensive raw material (edible oil), (2) reaction time and separation of the relatively long time (minimum 15 hours), (3) the use of acid catalysts still leaves the problem of corrosion and corrosion of machine tools and pollution to the environment by the catalyst. To make biodiesel competitive in the market, used oil (waste cooking oils, WCO), agricultural waste, and recent studies using microalgae could be used as source of biodiesel production. To shorten the reaction time, reaction was carried out using ultrasonic reactor technology and to minimize environmental pollution to use the solid catalyst. This paper will summarize on the adoption of latest technologies in producing biodiesel from used frying oil and microalgae.
Produksi biodisel dari minyak jelantah (Waste Cooking Oil, WCO) telah dilakukan menggunakan katalis ganda yaitu Nafion/SiO 2 sebagai katalis reaksi esterifikasi dan NaOH digunakan sebagai katalis transesterifikasi..Penelitian dilakukan melalui tiga tahap yaitu: sintesis katalis asam padat Nafion/SiO 2 , sintesis biodisel menggunakan katalis tunggal NaOH dan sintesis biodisel menggunakan katalis (Nafion/SiO 2 dan NaOH). Katalis asam padat dibuat dari larutan Nafion 5% berat ditambah dengan (Tetra Ethoxy Ortho Silicate, TEOS) menggunakan metode sol-gel fasa larutan menghasilkan katalis padat Nafion/SiO 2. Selanjutnya katalis padat Nafion/SiO 2 diaplikasikan sebagai katalis reaksi esterifikasi. Kondisi reaksi esterifikasi pada temperature 75 o C dan waktu reaksi tetap 45 menit. Reaksi dijalankan di dalam labu leher tiga dilengkapi dengan pengaduk, temometer dan pendingin balik. Hasil reaksi dipisahkan dan lapisan atas digunakan sebagai reaktan reaksi transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis NaOH menghasilkan biodisel (FAME). Hasil analisis sifat fisika, yaitu viskositas, densitas dan titik nyala FAME yang dihasilkan sudah memenuhi standar persyaratan biodisel. Hasil karakterisasi secara kimia menunjukkan di dalam FAME terdapat lebih dari 6 macam metil ester menandakan bahwa FAME sudah terbentuk. Persentase biodisel yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan katalis ganda lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan menggunakan katalis tunggal membuktikan bahwa katalis asam padat mempunyai peranan penting dalam mengkonversi asam lemak bebas yang ada di dalam WCO.
Indonesian coal consumption is dominated by a low-grade coal quality, and supplied from local coals mining which was composed of lignite. A technological breakthrough has to be main objective to convert low grade coal into upper-class coal. This paper reports on improving the quality of lignite coal by washing with biosurfactant. Di-alkyl carbohydrates were tested on coal sizes of 80, 64, 16 and 6 mesh. The optimum biosurfactant applied to increase the calorific value derived from brown algae, namely isopropyl stearate alginate (ISA) 0.5%. This was able to improve a calorific value of lignite coal up to 27722.74% or increased by 11%. The size of the coal also affects the calorific value of lignite coal. Four coal sizes applied in the study (80, 64, 16, and 6 mesh), indicates coal size 80 mesh has given the best calorific value improvement. Conversely, the smaller of the coal size, increase biosurfactant absorption. Thus, improve the washing capability of biosurfactants.
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